Sociologické aspekty komercializace fotbalu: nástin problematiky

A goal of this article is formulating of selected sociological contexts of the commerialization of football in context of modernization of society and the generalization of market (Polanyi). Close attention is paid to the situation in England which was in large measure determining for development of this phenomenon, altghouh other regions are not neglected too. Integration of football into the market economy has been coming through gradational adaptation of basic institutions to necessities of market in place of previous non-market motivations and forms, integration of football into the consumer culture through mass medias (including development of sponsorship), constitution of football as a gainful job and then deregulation of football labour market, change of social status of the best players and upward social mobility of the professional players, transformations of social identities of football fans and in end result creation of the relatively autonomus unequal economic structure both in national and world scale with its imanent financial problems. On the other hand, in society there still exist various forms of back-pressure against relative dominance of market and private corporations.

1. <bez popisu>

2. Allan, Grant – Roy, Graeme. [2008]. Does Television Crowd Out Spectators?: New Evidence From the Scottish Premier League. Journal of Sports Economics 9 (December 2008), No. 6, s. 592–605.

3. Andreff, Wladimir. [2007]. French Football: A Financial Crisis Rooted in Weak Governance. Journal of Sports Economics 8 (December 2007), No. 6, s. 652–661.

4. Bauman, Zygmunt. [1995]. Úvahy o postmoderní době. Praha: SLON.

5. Bedřich, Ladislav. [2006]. Fotbal: rituální hra moderní doby. Brno: Masarykova univerzita.

6. Ben-Porat, Amir. [1998]. The Commodification of Football in Israel. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 33 (September 1998), No. 3, s. 269–276.

7. Ben-Porat, Amir. [2000]. Overseas Sweetheart: Israelis Fans of English Football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 24 (November 2000), No. 4, s. 344–350.

8. Bílá kniha o sportu. [2007] [online]. Dostupné na serveru Ministerstva školství, mládeže a tělovýchovy, <http://www.msmt.cz/uploads/souborz/TVS/2008/Bila_kniha_sport_cze.pdf> [25. 11. 2009]

9. Bourdieu, Pierre. [2002]. O televizi. Brno: Doplněk.

10. Brandes, Leif – Franck, Egon – Nüesch, Stephan. [2007]. Local Heroes and Superstars: An Empirical Analysis of Star Attraction in German Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics 0 (2007), No. 6, s. 1–21.

11. Brändle, Fabian – Koller, Christian. [2002]. Goal!: Kultur- und Sozialgeschichte des modernen Fussballs. Zürich: Orell Füssli Verlag AG.

12. Brick, Carlton. [2004]. Misers, Merchandise and Manchester United: The Peculiar Paradox of the Political Economy of Consumption. In. Andrews, David L. (ed.) Manchester United: A Thematic Study. London – New York: Routledge, s. 101–112. CrossRef

13. Cave, Martin – Crandall, Robert W. [2001]. Sports Rights and the Broadcast Industry. The Economic Journal 111 (February 2001), No. 469, s. F4–F26.

14. Daflon, Rogerio – Ballve, Teo. [2004]. The Beautiful Game?: Race and Class in Brazilian Soccer. NACLA Report on the Americas 37 (March–April 2004), No. 5, s. 23–27.

15. Darby, Paul. [2000]. Africa's Place in FIFA's Global Order: A Theoretical Frame. Soccer & Society 1(Summer 2000), No. 2, s. 36–61.

16. Darby, Paul. Africa, the FIFA Presidency, and the Governance of World Football: 1974, 1998, and 2002. Africa Today 50 (Spring 2003), No. 1, s. 3–24.

17. Darby, Paul – Akindes, Gerard – Kirwin, Matthew. [2007]. Football Academies and the Migration of African Football Labor to Europe. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 31 (2007), No. 2, s. 143–161.

18. Derbaix, Christian – Decrop, Alain – Cabossart, Olivier. [2002]. Colors and Scarves: The Symbolic Consumption of Material Possessions by Soccer Fans. Advances in Consumer Research 29 (2002), No. 1, s. 511–518.

19. Dietl, Helmut M. – Franck, Egon. [2007]. Governance Failure and Financial Crisis in German Football. Journal of Sports Economics 8 (December 2007), No. 6, s. 662–669.

20. Dobson, Stephen – Goddard, John. [2001]. The Economics of Football. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

21. Duke, Vic. [2005]. Perestroika in Progress?: The Case of Spectator Sports in Czechoslovakia. The British Journal of Sociology 41 (June 1990), No. 2, s. 145–156.

22. Fall in Copper Price Hits Zambian Clubs [2009]. [online]. Dostupné na The Political Economy of Football, <http://www.footballeconomy.com/world.htm> [18. 3. 2009]

23. Foster, Ken. [2005]. Alternative Models for the Regulation of Global Sports. In. Allison, Lincoln. (ed.) The Global Politics of Sport: The Role of Global Institutions in Sport. London – New York: Routledge, s. 63–86.

24. Frick, Bernd. [2009]. Globalization and Factor Mobility: The Impact of the "Bosman-Ruling" on Player Migration in Professional Soccer. Journal of Sports Economics 10 (February 2009), No. 1, s. 88–106.

25. Gandelman, Nestor. [2008]. Mobility Among Employers and Assortative Matching: Field Evidence From Soccer Data. Journal of Sports Economics 9 (August 2008), No. 4, s. 351–370.

26. Gandelman, Nestor. Selection Biases in Sports Markets. Journal of Sports Economics 0 (March 2009), No. 0, s. 1–20.

27. Giulianotti, Richard. [1999]. Football: A Sociology of the Global Game. Cambridge: Polity Press.

28. Giulianotti, Richard. [2002]. Supporters, Followers, Fans, and Flaneurs: A Taxonomy of Spectator Identities in Football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26 (November 2002), No. 2, s. 25–46.

29. Giulianotti, Richard. [2005]. Sport Spectators and the Social Consequences of Commodification: Critical Perspectives from Scottish Football. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 29 (November 2005), No. 4, s. 386–410.

30. Giulianotti, Richard – Armstrong, Gary. [2001]. Afterword Constructing Social Identities: Exploring the Structured Relations of Football Rivalries. In. Giulianotti, Richard – Armstrong, Gary. (eds.) Fear and Loathing in World Football. Oxford – New York: Berg, s. 267–269.

31. Giulianotti, Richard – Robertson, Roland. [2007]. Forms of Glocalization: Globalization and the Migration Strategies of Scottish Football Fans in North America. Sociology 41 (April 2007), No. 2, s. 133–152.

32. Gouguet, Jean-Jacques – Primault, Didier. [2006]. The French Exception. Journal of Sports Economics 7 (February 2006), No. 2, s. 47–59.

33. Grant, Wyn. [2006]. Is Political Economy of Football Possible? [online]. Dostupné na The Political Economy of Football, <http://www.footballeconomy.com/academic_paper1.htm> [25. 11. 2009]

34. Hanuš, Karel. [2008a]. Fotbal a společenská modernizace. Diplomová práce na Filozofické fakultě Univerzity Karlovy v Praze, Katedra sociologie.

35. Hanuš, Karel. [2008b]. Fotbal v procesu modernizace: od patologie k profesionalismu. In. Trendy sociálně patologických jevů. Sborník příspěvků ze semináře sekce sociální patologie MČSS Kašperské Hory 23.–25. dubna 2008. Praha: Masarykova česká sociologická společnost, s. 215–219.

36. Hare, Geoff. [1999]. "Get Your Kit on for the Lads": Adidas versus Nike, the Other World Cup. Sociology of Sport Online [online], Vol. 2 (1999), No. 2. Dostupné na <http://physed.otago.ac.nz/sosol/v2i2/v2i2a1.htm> [14. 7. 2008]

37. Hare, Geoff. [2003]. Football in France: A Cultural History. Oxford – New York: Berg.

38. Hargreaves, John. [1987]. Sport, Power and Culture: A Social and Historical Analysis of Popular Sports in Britain. Cambridge: Polity Press.

39. Harris, Lloyd C. – Ogbonna, Emmanuel. [2008]. The Dynamics Underlying Service Firm-Customer Relationships: Insights From a Study of English Premier League Soccer Fans. Journal of Service Research 10 (May 2008), No. 4, s. 382–399.

40. Heinilä, Kalevi. [1989]. The Sports Club as a Social Organization in Finland. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 24 (March 1989), No. 1, s. 225–248.

41. Honneth, Axel. [2004]. Přerozdělování jakožto uznání: odpověď adresovaná Nancy Fraserové. In. Fraserová, Nancy – Honneth, Axel. Přerozdělování nebo uznání? Praha: Filosofia, s. 143–244.

42. Honneth, Axel. [2007]. Organizovaná seberealizace. Paradoxy individualizace. In. Honneth, Axel. (ed.) Zbavovat se svéprávnosti: paradoxy současného kapitalismu. Praha: Filosofia, 2007, s. 175–196.

43. Horne, John – Manzenreiter, Wolfram. [2004]. Football, Culture and Globalisation: Why Professional Football Has Been Going East. In. Manzenreiter, Wolfram – Horne, John. (eds.) Football Goes East: Business, Culture, and the People's Game in China, Japan, and South Korea. New York, London: Routledge, s. 1–17.

44. Howard, Sophie – Sayce, Rhiannon. [2002]. Fact Sheet 11 : Branding, Sponsorship and Commerce in Football [online]. Dostupné na University of Leicester.uk, <http://www.le.ac.uk./sociology/css/resources/factsheets/fs11.html> [14. 7. 2008]

45. Huizinga, Johan. [2000]. Homo ludens: o původu kultury ve hře. Praha: Dauphin.

46. Christensen, Mette K. – Sorensen, Jan K. [2009]. Sport or School? Dreams and Dilemmas for Talented Young Danish Football Players. European Physical Education Review 15 (February 2009) No. 1, s. 115–133.

47. Ichirō, Hirose. [2004]. The Making of a Professional Football League: The Design of the J. League System. In. Manzenreiter, Wolfram – Horne, John. (eds.) Football Goes East: Business, Culture, and the People's Game in China, Japan, and South Korea. New York – London: Routledge, s. 38–53.

48. Jeřábek, Luboš. [1991]. Československý fotbal v číslech a faktech. Praha: Olympia.

49. Jones, Robin. [2004]. Football in the People's Republic of China. In. Manzenreiter, Wolfram – Horne, John. (eds.) Football Goes East: Business, Culture, and the People's Game in China, Japan, and South Korea. New York – London: Routledge, s. 54–66.

50. Judgment of the Court of 12 December 1974. B. N. O. Walrave and L. J. N. Koch v Association Union Cycliste Internationale, Koninklijke Nederlandsche Wielren Unie and Federacion Espanola Ciclisimo. Preliminary Ruling Requested by the Arrondissementsrechtsbank Utrecht. Case 36–74. [online]. Dostupné na Odbor kompatibility s právem ES. Úřad vlády ČR, <http://www.vlada.cz/ > [7. 2. 2010]

51. Kelly, Graham. [2004]. Terrace Heroes: The Life and Times of the 1930's Professional Footballer. London – New York: Routledge.

52. Kleinová, Naomi. [2005]. Bez loga. Praha: Argo, Dokořán.

53. Kuper, Simon. [2005]. Fotbal proti nepříteli. Praha: BB/art.

54. Lee, Simon. [1998]. Grey Shirts to Grey Suits: The Political Economy of English Football in the 1990s. In. Brown, Adam. (ed.) Fanatics!: Power, Identity and Fandom in Football. London – New York: Routledge, s. 32–49.

55. Lago, Umberto – Simmons, Rob – Szymanski, Stefan. [2006]. The Financial Crisis in European Football: An Introduction. Journal of Sports Economics 7 (November 2006), No. 2, s. 3–12.

56. Leeds, Michael A. – Marikova Leeds, Eva. [2009]. International Soccer Success and National Institutions. Journal of Sports Economics 10 (August 2009), No. 4, s. 369–390.

57. Magee, Jonathan – Sugden, John. [2002]. "The World at their Feet": Professional Football and International Labor Migration. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 26 (November 2002), No. 4, s. 421–437.

58. Making Football Affordable. [2009]. [online]. Dostupné na The Political Economy of Football, <http://www.footballeconomy.com/index.htm> [9. 10. 2009]

59. Mareš, Miroslav – Smolík, Josef – Suchánek, Marek. [2004]. Fotbaloví chuligáni: evropská dimenze subkultury. Brno: Barrister & Principal.

60. McGillivray, David – Fearn, Richard – McIntosh, Aaron. [2005]. Caught up in and by the Beautiful Game: A Case Study of Scottish Professional Footballers. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 29 (February 2005), No. 2, s. 102–123.

61. Metsä Tokila, Timo. [2002]. Combining Competitive Sports and Education: How Top-Level Sport Became Part of the School System in the Soviet Union, Sweden and Finland. European Physical Education Review 8 (October 2002), No. 3, s. 196–206.

62. Milanovic, Branko. [2005]. Globalization and Goals: Does Soccer Show the Way? Review of International Political Economy 12 (December 2005), No. 5, s. 829–850.

63. Müller, Floris – van Zoonen, Liesbet – de Roode, Laurens. [2008]. We can't 'Just do it' alone! An analysis of Nikeʼs (potential) contributions to anti-racism in soccer. Media, Culture & Society 30 (January 2008), No. 1, s. 23–39.

64. Oppenhuisen, Joke – van Zoonen, Liesbet. [2006]. Supporters or Customers?: Fandom, Marketing and the Political Economy of Dutch Football. Soccer & Society 7 (Spring 2006), No. 1, s. 62–75.

65. Pedace, Roberto. [2008]. Earnings, Performance, and Nationality Discrimination in a Highly Competitive Labor Market as An Analysis of the English Professional Soccer League. Journal of Sports Economics 9 (April 2008), No. 2, s. 115–140.

66. Pickford, Raplh W. [1940–1941]. The Psychology of the History and Organization of Association Football: Part I. British Journal of Psychology No. 31 (1940–1941), s. 80–93.

67. Polanyi, Karl. [2006]. Velká transformace. Brno: CDK.

68. Price Takers rather than Price Makers [2009]. [online]. Dostupné na The Political Economy of Football, <http://www.footballeconomny.com/index.htm> [9. 10. 2009]

69. Ravenel, Loic – Durand, Christophe. [2004]. Strategies for Locating Professional Sports Leagues: A Comparison between France and Korea. In. Manzenreiter, Wolfram – Horne, John. (eds.) Football Goes East: Business, Culture, and the People's Game in China, Japan, and South Korea. New York – London: Routledge, s. 21–37.

70. Robertson, Craig. [2004]. A Sporting Gesture?: BSkyB, Manchester United, Global Media, and Sport. Television & New Media 5 (November 2004), No. 11, s. 291–314.

71. Roderick, Martin. [2006]. A Very Precarious Profession: Uncertainty in the Working Lives of Professional Footballers. Work, Employment & Society 20 (June 2006), No. 6, s. 245–265.

72. Roderick, Martin – Waddington, Ivan – Parker, Graham. [2000]. Playing Hurt: Managing Injuries in English Professional Footbal. International Review for the Sociology of Sport 35 (May 2000), No. 2, s. 165–180.

73. Ross, Andrew. [2004]. Trouble at the Mill: Nike, United and the Asian Garment Trade. In. Andrews, David L. (eds.) Manchester United: A Thematic Study. London – New York: Routledge, s. 97–100. CrossRef

74. Salazar-Sutil, Nicolás. [2008]. Maradona Inc: Performance politics off the pitch. International Journal of Cultural Studies 11 (December 2008), No. 4, s. 441–458.

75. Sandvoss, Cornel. [2003]. A Game of Two Halves: Football, Television and Globalisation. London – New York: Routledge.

76. Solberg, Harry Arne – Gratton, Chris. [2004]. Would European Soccer Clubs Benefit from Playing in a Super League? Soccer & Society 5 (Spring 2004), No. 1, s. 61–81.

77. Sugden, John – Tomlinson, Alan – Darby, Paul. [1998]. FIFA versus UEFA in the Struggle for the Control of World Football. In. Brown, Adam. (ed.) Fanatics! Power, Identity and Fandom in Football. London – New York: Routledge, s. 11–31.

78. The Political Economy of Football: Estimated Total Players' Earnings English Football Leagues: 1995/96 to 2003/04 [2002]. [online]. Dostupné na The Political Economy of Football, <http://www.footballeconomy.com/stats/stats_turnover_16.htm> [15. 7. 2008]

79. Top Clubs Fend off Recession. [2009]. [online]. Dostupné na The Political Economy of Football, <http://www.footballeconomy.com/index.htm> [9. 10. 2009]

80. van der Burg, Tsjalle. [2000]. Football and Market Failure. New Economy 7 (December 2000), No. 4, s. 242–247.

81. Whannel Garry. [2009]. Television and the Transformation of Sport. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 625 (September 2009), s. 205–218. CrossRef

82. Williams, John. [2006]. 'Protect Me From What I Want': Football Fandom, Celebrity Cultures and 'New' Football in England. Soccer & Society 7 (Spring 2006), No. 1, s. 96–114.

83. Williams, John – Neatrour, Sam. [2002]. Fact Sheet 10: The 'New' Football Economics [online]. Dostupné na <http://www.le.ac.uk./sociology/css/resources/factsheets/fs10.html> [14. 7. 2009]

84. Woolridge, Joyce. [2002]. Mapping the Stars: Stardom in English Professional Football 1890–1946. Soccer & Society 3 (Summer 2002), No. 2, s. 51–69.

85. Yarar, Betül. [2005]. Hegemonic Struggle, the State and Popular Culture: The Case of Football in Turkey. European Journal of Cultural Studies 8 (February 2005), No. 5, s. 197–216.

86. Znebejánek, František. [1997]. Sociální hnutí: teorie, koncepce, představitelé. Praha: SLON.