Catholic Church Towards Sovietization of Culture and Polish Society in Communication of the Polish Embassy at the Vatican in the Years 1956–1968

The article aims to present the culture-forming role of the Catholic Church, which emerges from selected communications of the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, in opposition to the sovietisation of Polish culture developed by the communist authorities of the People’s Republic of Poland in the years 1956–1968. Materials from the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in America and available literature constituted the basis for the analysis. The undertaken research considering the sources fills a significant gap in the knowledge about the Catholic Church’s opposition to the process of sovietisation of Polish culture during the Cold War. It should be emphasised that in the post-war period the Church was the institution that shaped Christian values and a kind of “bastion” of resistance to the authorities whose one of the goals was to sovietise Polish culture. It continued the discourse on the ground of the expression of the inability to reconcile the communist ideology with Christian values in European, including Polish, culture. It also acted as a correspondent for the affairs of oppressed nations subjected to the course of sovietisation. The undertaken research is an answer for lack of knowledge on the Catholic Church opposition towards the process of sovietising Polish culture during the Cold War. All the above allows the hypothesis that the Catholic Church during this period was the only one successful opposition to the PRL authorities which were against the Polish culture and society.

1. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 22 of April 18, 1956 [CEROV 22, 1956], entitled The economic communist system in the opinion of the Pope, Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

2. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 23 of May 5, 1956 [CEROV 23, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

3. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 32 of June 25, 1956 [CEROV 32, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

4. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 35 of March 7, 1956 [CEROV 35, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

5. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 39 of July 16, 1956 [CEROV 39, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

6. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 45 of September 24, 1956 [CEROV 45, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

7. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 51 of October 29, 1956 [CEROV 51, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

8. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 52 of October 30, 1956 [CEROV 52, 1956], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/3 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

9. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 5 of February 26, 1958 [CEROV 5, 1958], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/5 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

10. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 1 of January 12, 1960 [CEROV 1, 1960], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/7 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

11. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 6 of February 27, 1960 [CEROV 6, 1960], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/7 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

12. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 7 of March 7, 1960 [CEROV 7, 1960], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/7 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

13. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 4 of February 3, 1961 [CEROV 4, 1961], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/8 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

14. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 6 of February 18, 1961 [CEROV 6, 1961], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/8 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

15. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 7 of April 13, 1961 [CEROV 7, 1961], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/8 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

16. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 9 of March 27, 1961 [CEROV 9, 1961], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/8 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

17. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 10 of March 24, 1961 [CEROV 10, 1961], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/8 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

18. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 28 of September 27, 1961 [CEROV 28, 1961], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/8 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

19. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 1 of January 3, 1962 [CEROV 1, 1962], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/9 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

20. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 4 of February 3–4, 1962 [CEROV 4, 1962], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/9 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

21. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 7 of March 8, 1962 [CEROV 7, 1962], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/9 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

22. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 10 of March 21, 1962 [CEROV 10, 1962], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/9 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

23. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 11 of March 26, 1962 [CEROV 11, 1962], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/9 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

24. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 3 of January 20, 1964. [CEROV 3, 1964], Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/11 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

25. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 13 of May 8, 1964 [CEROV 8, 1964], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/11 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”.

26. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 13 of May 8, 1964, Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/11 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

27. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican on June 1, 1964 [CEROV 1, 1964], entitled Information from Poland. Religious situation in Poland, Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/11 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

28. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 6 of March 30, 1965 [CEROV 6, 1965], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

29. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 31 of May 31, 1965 [CEROV 31, 1965], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

30. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 18 of September 14, 1965 [CEROV 18, 1965], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

31. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 19 of September 16, 1965 [CEROV 19, 1965], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

32. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 29 of December 13, 1965 [CEROV 29, 1965], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

33. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 30 of December 22, 1965 [CEROV 30, 1965], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

34. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 5 of February 16, 1967 [CEROV 5, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/14 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

35. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 8 of March 29, 1967 [CEROV 8, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/14 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

36. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 12 of May 5, 1967 [CEROV 12, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/14 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

37. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 13 of May 19, 1967 [CEROV 13, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/14 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

38. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 14 of June 16, 1967 [CEROV 14, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/12 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

39. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 22 of October 11, 1967 [CEROV 22, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/14 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

40. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 21 of September 29, 1967 [CEROV 21, 1967], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/14 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

41. Communication of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican No. 7 of March 14, 1968 [CEROV 7, 1968], Józef Piłsudski Institute of America, the Polish Embassy at the Vatican, folder: 701/12/15 (Communications: “Information Service of the Embassy of the Republic of Poland at the Vatican” and “Informazioni Della Polonia”).

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