AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA
AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA

AUC Philosophica et Historica je víceoborový akademický časopis zaměřený na humanitní a společenskovědné obory (filozofie, psychologie, pedagogika, sociologie, obecné, české a hospodářské dějiny, pomocné vědy historické a archivnictví, etnologie).

Časopis je indexován v databázích CEEOL, DOAJ a EBSCO.

AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA, Vol 2016 No 2 (2016), 51–71

Stroje, texty, sítě a jiné obrazy: metaforický rozměr sociologie

[Machines, Texts, Networks and Other Images: The Metaphorical Dimension of Sociology]

Jakub Mlynář

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/24647055.2016.15
zveřejněno: 29. 09. 2016

Abstract

Main objective of the article is to explore the sociological implications of the conceptual metaphor theory, which is based on the idea that metaphors are not only discursive ornaments, but rather the basic principle of human thought as such. The article provides an overview of the metaphor theory, from the classical Aristotelian perspective to the conceptual metaphor theory. Later it discusses some of the implications of the conceptual metaphor theory for the realm of sociological discourse, with particular attention to metaphorical conceptualization of society as a machine, a network and a text. I argue that each conceptual metaphor in sociological thought is associated with certain presuppositions about the human individual condition in contemporary society, and we are bound to use our (deliberate) metaphors reflexively and consciously.

klíčová slova: sociological theory; social thought; metaphor

reference (124)

1. Anderson, R. J., Hughes, J. A. & Sharrock, W. W. (1985). The Sociology Game: An Introduction to Sociological Reasoning. New York: Longman.

2. Ankersmit, F. (1994). History and Tropology: The Rise and Fall of the Metaphor. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

3. Arendt, H. (1981). The Life of the Mind. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

4. Argamon, S., Gandy, L., Allan, N., Atallah, M., Frieder, O., Howard, N., Kanareykin, S., Koppel, M., Last, M. & Neuman, Y. (2013). Automatic Identification of Conceptual Metaphors With Limited Knowledge. In: Proceedings of Twenty-Seventh AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, USA.

5. Aristoteles (1962). Poetika. Praha: Orbis.

6. Baldamus, W. (2010). Networks. In M. Erickson & C. Turner (ed.), The Sociology of Wilhelm Baldamus: Paradox and Inference (pp. 107–121). Farnham: Ashgate.

7. Bauman, Z. (2002). Úvahy o postmoderní době (2. vyd.). Praha: Sociologicke nakladatelstvi (SLON).

8. Bauman, Z. (2008). Tekuté časy: Život ve věku nejistoty. Praha: Academia.

9. Black, M. (1962). Models and Metaphors: Studies in Philosophy and Language. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

10. Black, M. (1979). How Metaphors Work: A Reply to Donald Davidson. In S. Sacks (ed.), On Metaphor (pp. 181–192). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. CrossRef

11. Blumenberg, H. (1979). Die Lesbarkeit der Welt. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp.

12. Blumenberg, H. (2010). Paradigms for a Metaphorology. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. CrossRef

13. Bourdieu, P. (1998). Teorie jednání. Praha: Karolinum.

14. Bourdieu, P. (2014). Co se chce říct mluvením: Ekonomie jazykové směny. Praha: Karolinum.

15. Bozděchova, I. (2010). Teorie terminologie a kognitivni lingvistika: k pojeti kategorizace, definice a nominace. Slovo a slovesnost, 71(4), 163–175.

16. Brown, R. H. (1976). Social Theory as Metaphor: On the logic of discovery for the sciences of conduct. Theory and Society, 3(2), 169–197. CrossRef

17. Brown, R. H. (1977). A Poetic for Sociology: Towards a logic of discovery for the human sciences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

18. Brown, R. H. (1987). Society as Text: Essays on Rhetoric, Reason, and Reality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

19. Camp, E. (2006). Metaphor in the Mind: The Cognition of Metaphor. Philosophy Compass, 1(2), 154–170. CrossRef

20. Castells, M. (2000). Toward a Sociology of the Network Society. Contemporary Sociology, 29(5), 693–699. CrossRef

21. Coffey, A. & Atkinson, P. (1996). Making Sense of Qualitative Data: Complementary Research. London: Sage.

22. Cohen, T. (1975). Figurative Speech and Figurative Acts. The Journal of Philosophy, 72(19), 669–684. CrossRef

23. Danesi, M. (1993). Vico, Metaphor, and the Origin of Language. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

24. Davidson, D. (1979). What Metaphors Mean. In S. Sacks (ed.), On Metaphor (pp. 200–220). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

25. Davis, M. (ed.). (2013). Liquid Society: Metaphor in Zygmunt Bauman's Analysis of Modernity. London: Ashgate.

26. de Man, P. (1979). The Epistemology of Metaphor. In S. Sacks (ed.), On Metaphor (pp. 11–28). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

27. Derrida, J. (1993). Texty k dekonstrukci. Bratislava: Archa.

28. Draaisma, D. (2003). Metafory paměti. Praha: Mlada Fronta.

29. Drulak, P. (2009). Metafory studené války: Interpretace politického fenoménu. Praha: Portal.

30. Dvořak, T. (2009). Sběrné suroviny: Texty, obrazy a zvuky nedávné minulosti. Praha: Filosofia.

31. Erickson, M. (2012). Network as Metaphor. International Journal of Criminology and Sociological Theory, 5(2), 912–921.

32. Fernandez, J. W. (1986). Persuasions and Performances: The Play of Tropes in Culture. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.

33. Fialova, L. (2007). Metaphors in Immunology. In A. Wittwer, E. Kut, V. Pliska & G. Folkers (ed.), Approaching scientific knowledge: Metaphors and models (pp. 61–64). Zurich: Collegium Helveticum.

34. Fine, G. A. & Christophorides, L. (1991). Dirty birds, filthy immigrants and the English sparrow war: metaphorical linkage in constructing social problems. Symbolic Interaction, 14(4), 375–393. CrossRef

35. Folkers, G. (2007). Tree Metaphors in Life Science Research. In A. Wittwer, E. Kut, V. Pliska & G. Folkers (ed.), Approaching scientific knowledge: Metaphors and models (pp. 53–56). Zurich: Collegium Helveticum.

36. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

37. Giddens, A. (1998). Důsledky modernity. Praha: Sociologicke nakladatelstvi (SLON).

38. Glucksberg, S. (2003). The Psycholinguistics of Metaphor. TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences, 7(2), 92–96. CrossRef

39. Goatley, A. (2007). Washing the Brain: Metaphor and Hidden Ideology. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. CrossRef

40. Goffman, E. (1974). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.

41. Goffman, E. (1999). Všichni hrajeme divadlo: Sebeprezentace v každodenním životě. Praha: Nakladatelstvi Studia Ypsilon.

42. Grady, J. (1997). Theories are buildings revisited." Cognitive Linguistics, 8(3), 267–290. CrossRef

43. Hajek, M., Havlik, M. & Nekvapil, J. (2012). Narativni analyza v sociologickem vyzkumu: přistupy a jednotici ramec. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 48(2), 199–223.

44. Hajek, M., Havlik, M. & Nekvapil, J. (2014). Problem relevance v tematicky orientovanem biografickem interview: připad oralněhistorickych životopisnych rozhovorů. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 50(1), 29–56.

45. Hawkes, T. (1972). Metaphor. London: Methuen.

46. Hesse, M. (1966). Models and Analogies in Science. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

47. Hlobil, T. (2001). Metafora jako přirozeny znak aneb Reflexe jazyka v napodobivem pojeti poezie J. J. Breitingera. Aluze, 5(1), 40–46.

48. Hoffman, R. F. (1985). Some Implications of Metaphor for Philosophy and Psychology of Science. In W. Paprote & R. Dirven (ed.), The Ubiquity of Metaphor. Metaphor in Language and Thought (pp. 327–380). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. CrossRef

49. Charteris-Black, J. (2011). Politicians and Rhetoric: The Persuasive Power of Metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossRef

50. Chrz, V. (1999). Metafory v politice. Praha: Psychologicky ustav AV ČR.

51. Ijzerman, H. & Koole, S. L. (2011). Comment: From Perceptual Rags to Metaphoric Riches – Bodily, Social, and Cultural Constraints on Sociocognitive Metaphors: Comment on Landau, Meier, and Keefer (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 137(2), 355–361. CrossRef

52. Jacobsen, M. H. & Harshman, S. (2006). Metaphorically Speaking: Metaphors as Methodological and Moral Signifiers of the Sociology of Zygmunt Bauman. Polish Sociological Review, 3/155, 307–324.

53. Jones, R. S. (1982). Physics as Metaphor. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. CrossRef

54. Kabele, J. (1996). Socialni konstruktivismus. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 32(3), 317–337.

55. Kaplan, A. (1964). The Conduct of Inquiry. San Francisco: Chandler.

56. Keefer, L. A., Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D. & Rothschild, Z. K. (2011). Exploring metaphor's epistemic function: Uncertainty moderates metaphor-consistent priming effects on social perceptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 657–660. CrossRef

57. Kelle, B. E. (2005). Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.

58. Keller, J. & Tvrdy, L. (2008). Vzdělanostní společnost? Chrám, výtah a pojišťovna. Praha: Sociologicke nakladatelstvi (SLON).

59. Kimmel, M. (2010). Why we mix metaphors (and mix them well): Discourse coherence, conceptual metaphor, and beyond. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(1), 97–115. CrossRef

60. Kintsch, W. (2000). Metaphor comprehension: A computational theory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(2), 257–266. CrossRef

61. Konopasek, Z. (2007). The language metaphor in sociology – two different trajectories. In A. Wittwer, E. Kut, V. Pliska & G. Folkers (ed.), Approaching scientific knowledge: Metaphors and models (pp. 35–42). Zurich: Collegium Helveticum.

62. Kovecses, Z. (2005). Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

63. Krupa, V. (1990). Metafora na rozhraní vedeckých disciplín. Bratislava: Tatran.

64. Kuhn, T. (1979). Metaphor in Science. In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (2. vyd., pp. 533–542). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

65. Kundera, M. (1988). Nesnesitelná lehkost bytí. Toronto: Sixty-Eight Publishers.

66. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2003). Metaphors We Live By (With a New Afterword). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. CrossRef

67. Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. (2014). Metafory, kterými žijeme (2. vyd.). Brno: Host.

68. Lakoff, G. & Nunez, R. (2000). Where Mathematics Come From: How The Embodied Mind Brings Mathematics Into Being. New York: Basic Books.

69. Landau, M. J. & Keefer, L. A. (2015). The Persuasive Power of Political Metaphors. In J. P. Forgas, W. Crano & K. Fiedler (ed.), Social Psychology and Politics. New York: Psychology Press.

70. Landau, M. J., Meier, B. P. & Keefer, L. A. (2010). A Metaphor-Enriched Social Cognition. Psychological Bulletin, 136(6), 1045–1067. CrossRef

71. Landau, M. J., Vess, M., Arndt, J., Rothschild, Z. K., Sullivan, D. & Atchley, R. A. (2011). Embodied metaphor and the true" self: Priming entity expansion and protection influences intrinsic self-expressions in self-perceptions and interpersonal behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 79–87. CrossRef

72. Lopez, J. (2003). Society and Its Metaphors: Language, Social Theory and Social Structure. London/New York: Bloomsbury.

73. Manning, P. (1991). Drama as Life: The Significance of Goffman's Changing Use of the Theatrical Metaphor. Sociological Theory, 9(1), 70–86. CrossRef

74. Margolin, U. (2008). Kognitivní věda, činná mysl a literární vyprávění. Praha/Brno: Ustav pro českou literaturu AV ČR.

75. Markoš, A. (ed.) (2010). Jazyková metafora živého. Červeny Kostelec: Pavel Mervart.

76. Martin, J. & Harre, R. (1982). Metaphor in Science. In D. S. Miall (ed.), Metaphor: Problems and Perspectives (pp. 89–105). Sussex: Harvester Press.

77. Mills, C. W. (2002). Sociologická imaginace. Praha: Sociologicke nakladatelstvi (SLON).

78. Mlynař, J. (2014a). Někde jinde: Utopie jako virtualni světy" v minulosti a dnes. Cyan Sociology, 2(1), 4–26.

79. Mlynař, J. (2014b). Paměť a narativita. In N. Maslowski, J. Šubrt et al. (ed.), Kolektivní paměť: K teoretickým otázkám (pp. 213–235). Praha: Karolinum.

80. Neubauer, Z. (2010). Metafora a obrazne vyjadřeni. In A. Markoš (ed.), Jazyková metafora živého (pp. 43–59). Červeny Kostelec: Pavel Mervart.

81. Neuman, Y., Assaf, D., Cohen, Y., Last, M., Argamon, S., Howard, N. & Frieder, O. (2013). Metaphor Identification in Large Texts Corpora. PLoS ONE, 8(4), e62343. CrossRef

82. Nietzsche, F. (2010). O pravdě a lži ve smyslu nikoli morálním. Praha: Oikoymenh.

83. Nisbet, R. A. (1969). Social Change and History. New York: Oxford University Press.

84. Nisbet, R. A. (1976). Sociology as an Art Form. London: Heinemann.

85. Pavelka, J. (1982). Anatomie metafory. Brno: Blok.

86. Pechar, J. (2013). Lacan a Freud. Praha: Sociologicke nakladatelstvi (SLON).

87. Pepper, S. C. (1942). World Hypotheses: A Study in Evidence. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

88. Petrusek, M. (2010). Zygmunt Bauman: tropika diskursu", slovo o pop-kultuře a spotřebni společnosti epochy tekute modernity". Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 46(5), 801–820.

89. Pragglejaz Group (2007). MIP: A method for identifying metaphorically used words in discourse. Metaphor and Symbol, 22(1), 1–39. CrossRef

90. Pulaczewska, H. (1999). Aspects of metaphor in physics: Examples and case studies. Tubingen: Max Niemeyer. CrossRef

91. Reddy, M. J. (1979). The Conduit Metaphor: A Case of Frame Conflict in Our Language About Language. In A. Ortony (ed.), Metaphor and Thought (2. vyd., pp. 284–324). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

92. Ricoeur, P. (1971). The model of the text: Meaningful action considered as a text. Social Research, 38(3), 529–562.

93. Ricoeur, P. (1997). Metafora a symbol. In P. Ricoeur, Teória interpretácie: diskurz a prebytok významu (pp. 66–96). Bratislava: Archa.

94. Rigney, D. (2001). The Metaphorical Society: An Invitation to Social Theory. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

95. Richards, I. A. (1965). The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.

96. Ritchie, L. D. (2013). Metaphor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

97. Scott, A. (1997). Modernity's Machine Metaphor. British Journal of Sociology, 48(4), 561–575. CrossRef

98. Scott, J. (1987). Social Network Analysis: A Handbook. London: Sage. CrossRef

99. Sennett, R. (1977). The Fall of Public Man. New York: Knopf.

100. Sheffield, E. C. (2007). Root Metaphors, Paradigm Shifts, and Democratically Shared Values: Community Service-Learning as a Bridge-Building Endeavor. Philosophical Studies in Education, 38(1), 105–117.

101. Shutova, B. (2010). Automatic Metaphor Interpretation as a Paraphrasing Task. Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL (pp. 1029–1037), Los Angeles, CA.

102. Shutova, B., Sun, L. & Korhonen, A. (2010). Metaphor Identification Using Verb and Noun Clustering. Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational Linguistics (Coling 2010) (pp. 1002–1010), Beijing, China.

103. Schutz, A. (2012). Každodenna a vedecka interpretacia ľudskeho konania. In D. Alieva & M. Tižik (ed.), Príspevok Alfreda Schütza k sociologickej teórii (pp. 278–330). Praha: Sociologicke nakladatelstvi (SLON).

104. Sontag, S. (1997). Nemoc jako metafora, AIDS a jeho metafory. Praha: Mlada fronta.

105. Sopory, P. & Dillard, J. P. (2002). The Persuasive Effects of Metaphor: A Meta-Analysis. Human Communication Research, 28(3), 382–419. CrossRef

106. Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (2008). A deflationary account of metaphors. In D. Wilson & D. Sperber (ed.), Meaning and Relevance (pp. 97–122). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

107. St. Clair, R. N. (2002). The Major Metaphors of European Thought – Growth, Game, Language, Drama, Machine, Time and Space. New York: Edwin Mellen Press.

108. Steen, G. J. (2008). The paradox of metaphor: Why we need a three-dimensional model for metaphor. Metaphor and Symbol, 23(4), 213–241. CrossRef

109. Steen, G. J. (2010). When is metaphor deliberate? In N.-L. Johannesson, C. Alm-Arvius & D.C. Minugh (ed.), Selected papers from the Stockholm 2008 Metaphor Festival (pp. 43–63). Stockholm: University of Stockholm.

110. Steen, G. J. (2011). The contemporary theory of metaphor – now new and improved! In F. Gonzalvez-Garcia, M. S. Pena Cervel & L. Perez Hernandez (ed.), Metaphor and metonymy revisited beyond the Contemporary Theory of Metaphor: Recent developments and applications. Special issue of Review of Cognitive Linguistics, 9(1), 26–64. CrossRef

111. Steen, G. J. (2014). The Cognitive-Linguistic Revolution in Metaphor Studies. In J. Littlemore & J. R. Taylor (ed.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics (pp. 117–142). London: Bloomsbury.

112. Steen, G. J., Biernacka, E., Dorst, A. G., Kaal, A., Lopez Rodriguez, C. I. & Pasma, T. (2010b). Pragglejaz in practice: Finding metaphorically used words in natural discourse. In G. Low, Z. Todd, A. Deignan & L. Cameron (ed.), Researching and Applying Metaphor in the Real World (pp. 165–184). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossRef

113. Steen, G. J., Dorst, A. G., Herrmann, J. B., Kaal, A. & Krennmayr, T. (2010a). Metaphor in usage. Cognitive Linguistics, 21(4), 757–788. CrossRef

114. Stefanowitsch, A. & Gries, S. T. (2006). Corpus-Based Approaches to Metaphor and Metonymy. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. CrossRef

115. Thagard, P. (2001). Úvod do kognitivní vědy: Mysl a myšlení. Praha: Portal.

116. Thompson, K. (1996). Klíčové citace v sociologii: Hlavní myslitelé, pojmy a témata. Brno: Barrister & Principal.

117. Travniček, J. (2005). Doslov. In M. Turner, Literární mysl: O původu myšlení a jazyka (pp. 247–270). Brno: Host.

118. Turner, M. (2005). Literární mysl: O původu myšlení a jazyka. Brno: Host.

119. Turner, V. (1974). Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

120. Vico, G. (1991). Základy nové vědy o společné přirozenosti národů. Praha: Academia.

121. Vořišek, M. (2004). George Lakoff, Mark Johnson: Metafory, kterymi žijeme. Sociologický časopis / Czech Sociological Review, 40(1), 229–231.

122. White, H. (2010). Tropika diskursu: Kulturně kritické eseje. Praha: Karolinum.

123. White, H. (2011). Metahistorie: Historická imaginace v Evropě devatenáctého století. Brno: Host.

124. Wilshire, B. (1982). Role Playing and Identity: The Limits of Theatre as Metaphor. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.


vychází: 2 x ročně
ISSN: 0567-8293
E-ISSN: 2464-7055

Ke stažení