AUC IURIDICA
AUC IURIDICA

Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica (dále jen AUCI) je hlavním časopisem Právnické fakulty UK. Vychází od roku 1954, patří tak mezi tradiční právnické časopisy teoretického zaměření.

Jako obecný právnický časopis přináší delší studie i kratší články o jakýchkoli relevantních otázkách v právní teorii i mezinárodním, evropském a vnitrostátním právu. AUCI také publikuje materiály vztahující se k aktuálním otázkám legislativy. AUCI je recenzovaný časopis a přijímá příspěvky od českých i zahraničních autorů. Příspěvky zahraničních autorů jsou zveřejňovány v původním jazyku – slovenštině, angličtině, němčině, francouzštině, polštině.

AUCI je teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva. Jeho vydavatelem je Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Právnická fakulta, prostřednictvím nakladatelství Karolinum. Vychází čtyřikrát ročně, termíny vydání časopisu naleznete na webu Právnické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy.

Články uveřejněné v časopise AUCI procházejí nezávislým recenzním řízením (peer review), které je oboustranně anonymní. Posuzovatelé z daného oboru vyjadřují své stanovisko k vědecké kvalitě příspěvku a vhodnosti publikace v časopisu. V případě připomínek je stanovisko zasíláno zpět autorovi s možností přepracování textu (blíže viz Pokyny pro autory – Recenzní řízení).

Časopis AUCI (ISSN 0323-0619) je evidován v České národní bibliografii (vedena Národní knihovnou ČR) a v Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (veden American Association of Law Libraries). AUCI má přiděleno evidenční číslo periodického tisku MK E 18585.

AUCI je tzv. časopisem otevřeným a veškerý jeho obsah je zveřejňován jak na webu fakulty, tak na webových stránkách nakladatelství Karolinum. Přístup k němu je bezplatný.

Dlouhodobou archivaci digitálního obsahu časopisu zajišťuje Portico.

–––

S velkým potěšením Vás informujeme, že časopis Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica byl jako první časopis Právnické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy zařazen do prestižní mezinárodní databáze SCOPUS. Tato databáze společnosti Elsevier je největší abstraktovou a citační databází recenzované literatury na světě. Od zařazení do elitní databáze SCOPUS si redakce časopisu slibuje nejen zvýšení čtenosti časopisu, ale také nárůst zájmu o publikaci příspěvků jak českých, tak zahraničních autorů.

AUC IURIDICA, Vol 69 No 2 (2023), 9–31

Sustainability of “Traditional Antitrust” under the Challenge of “Sustainability” and Digitization

Josef Bejček

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2023.12
zveřejněno: 07. 06. 2023

Abstract

Antitrust law arose from political pressures and has been subject to political pressures all the time. Recently, the slogan of the digital and economic transformation of society has been spread and there have been discussions about the impact of this social trend on the nature and goals of competition law. The digitalization of antitrust itself does not affect the already rather controversial debate on the goals of competition law. While digitalization does not change the goals of competition law, and competition law “only” has to deal with the challenge of adapting to technological developments within its tool-box, the so-called sustainability is associated with pressures to change and expand the goals of antitrust themselves. However, the protection of competition and consumer welfare must remain a priority, and competition authorities should not be forced to pursue a political agenda outside their remit under the pretext of a significant social change. Considerations of the so-called sustainability, however defined, must be addressed in the context of a classical competitive analysis, which provides enough flexibility to do so even today

klíčová slova: conflict of goals; digitalization of antitrust; sustainability; digital and ecological transformation

reference (84)

1. ACM. Guidelines on Sustainability Agreements - Opportunities within competition law. In: Authority for Consumers and Markets [online]. 2021 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Av ailable at: https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/second-draft-version-guidelines-sustainability-agreements-opportunities-within-competition-law.

2. ANDRIYCHUCK, O. Rediscovering the Spirit of Competition: on the Normative Value of the Competition Process. European Competition Journal. 2010, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 575-610. CrossRef

3. BAKER, J. B. Competitive Edge. In: Washington Center for Equitable Growth [online]. 31.1.2019 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://equitablegrowth.org/revitalizing-u-s-antitrust-enforcement-is-not-simply-a-contest-between-brandeis-and-bork-look-first-to-thurman-arnold/.

4. BAKER, J. B. Protecting and Fostering Online Platform Competition: the Role of Antitrust Law. Journal of Competition Law & Economics. 2021, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 493-501. CrossRef

5. BEJČEK, J. Antitrustʼs response to the conflict of goals in the disarray of some current trends. In: ŠMEJKAL, V. (ed.). EU ANTITRUST: HOT TOPICS & NEXT STEPS. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Law, 2022, pp. 347-371.

6. BEJČEK, J. Cílové konflikty v soutěžním právu [Target conflicts in competition law]. Právník. 2007, Vol. 146, No. 6, pp. 663-689.

7. BEJČEK, J. "Digitalizace antitrustu" - móda, nebo revoluce? ["Digitization of antitrust" - fashion or revolution?]. Antitrust. 2018, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. I-IX.

8. BEJČEK, J. Chytře protiprávní "chytré" smlouvy [Cleverly unlawful "Smart" contracts]. Právník. 2020, Vol. 159, No. 5, pp. 377-401.

9. BERNHARD, L. - VOGES, P. Kartellrechtsdurchsetzung in Plattformmärkten. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2022, Jhrg. 72, Nr. 12, pp. 651-659.

10. BIDAR, M. - TURMAN, J. Klobuchar pushes for antitrust enforcement of big tech. In: CBS News [online]. 19.3.2021 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/antitrust-laws-enforcement-big-tech-klobuchar/.

11. BORK, R. The Antitrust Paradox: a Policy at War with Itself. Oxford: MacMillan, 1993.

12. Bundeskartellamt. Offene Märkte und nachhaltiges Wirtschaften - Gemeinwohlziele als Herausforderung für die Kartellrechtspraxis [online]. 2020, p. 14 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Publikation/DE/Diskussions_Hintergrundpapier/AK_Kartellrecht_2020_Hintergrundpapier.pdf;jsessionid=366990DF0CA10B8C8B5424C4290F25D3.1_cid378?__blob=publicationFile&v=2.

13. BORK, R. The Antitrust Paradox: a Policy at War with Itself. Oxford: MacMillan, 1993.

14. BURNSIDE, A. Bob Dylan and consumer welfare [online]. Dechert LLP, 2017, p. 4 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://info.dechert.com/12/9073/landing-pages/bob-dylan-and-consumer-welfare-white-paper.pdf.

15. CAPOBIANCO, A. The Ghost of Competition past, present, future. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2021, Jhrg.71, Nr. 7-8, pp. 387-388

16. CENGIZ, F. The conflict between maket competition and worker solidarity: moving from consumer to a citizen welfare standard in competition law. Legal studies. 2021, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 73-90. CrossRef

17. COLANGELO, G. et al. Competition Policy in the Digital Economy. Concurrences [online]. 2021, No. 2 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-2-2021/dossier/xxx-digital-xxx.

18. DESCAMPS, A. - KLEIN, T. - SHIER, G. Algorithms and competition: the latest theory and evidence. Competition Law Journal. 2021, Vol. 20, No. 1, 32-39. CrossRef

19. Directorate-General for Internal Market. Just and sustainable economy: commission lays down rules for companies to respect human rights and environment in global value chains. In: European Comission: Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs [online]. 23.2.2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/news/just-and-sustainable-economy-commission-lays-down-rules-companies-respect-human-rights-and-2022-02-23_en.

20. DREYER, J. - AHLENSTIEHL, E. Berücksichtigung von Umweltschutzaspekten bei der kartellrechtlichen Bewertung von Kooperationen. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2021, Jhrg. 71, Nr. 2, pp. 76-81.

21. DUNNE, N. The Role of Regulation in EU Competition Law Assessment. LSE Legal Studies Working Papers [online]. 2021, No. 9 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3871315.

22. EIFERT, M. - METZGER, A. - SCHWEITZER, H. - WAGNER, G. Taming the giants: the DMA/DAS Package. Common Market Law Review. 2021, Vol. 58, No. 4, pp. 987-1028. CrossRef

23. Sustainability agreements in agriculture - consultation on draft guidelines on antitrust exclusion. In: European Comission: Competition Policy [online]. 2023 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/public-consultations/2023-sustainability-agreements-agriculture_en.

24. EZRACHI, A. Discussion Paper The Goals of EU Competition Law and the Digital Economy [online]. Brussels: BEUC - The European Consumer Organization, 2018 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.beuc.eu/sites/default/files/publications/beuc-x-2018-071_goals_of_eu_competition_law_and_digital_economy.pdf. CrossRef

25. EZRACHI, A. - STUCKE, M. E. Virtual Competition. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2016. CrossRef

26. EZRACHI, A. - STUCKE, M. E. The Darker Sides of Digital Platform Innovation. In: Network Law Review [online]. 11.8.2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.networklawreview.org/ezrachi-stucke/.

27. FOER, A. A. - DURST, A. The Multiple Goals of Antirust. The Antitrust Bulletin. 2018, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 494-508. CrossRef

28. FUCHS, A. Characteristic aspects of competition and their consequences for the objectives of competition law - comment on Stucke. In: ZIMMER, D. (ed.). The Goals of Competition Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012, pp. 53-60.

29. GAL, M. Limiting Algorithmic Cartels. Berkeley Journal of Law and Technology. 2023, Vol. 38, No. 1. CrossRef

30. GALBRAITH, J. K. Společnost hojnosti [Society of Abundance]. Praha: Svoboda, 1967.

31. GASSLER, M. The new sustainability chapter in the draft Horizontal Guidelines. E.C.L.R. 2022, Vol. 43, No. 10, pp. 449-457.

32. GEISEL, B. - UWAGO, C. Sustainability Belgium - The Impact of the Green Deal on EU Competition Law [online]. Allen & Overy, 2021, p. 7 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: http://documents.jdsupra.com/1ca18a18-d9a1-4831-9132-4f5ccf569301.pdf.

33. GERADIN, D. - KATSIFIS, D. The Antitrust Case against the Apple App Store. Journal of Competition Law&Economics. 2021, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 503-585. CrossRef

34. GUERSENT, O. The Commission's proposal for a Digital Markets Act. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2021, Jhrg. 71, Nr. 2, pp. 69-70.

35. HAUCAP, J. - SCHWEITZER, H. Revolutionen im deutschen und europäischen Wettbewerbsrecht. WRP. 2021, Jhrg. 67, Nr. 7, p. I.

36. HAUS, F. - WEUSTHOF, L. The Digital Markets Act - a Gatekeeper's Nightmare? Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2021, Jhrg. 71, Nr. 6, pp. 318-324.

37. HEINEMANN, A. Umweltschutz und Wettbewerb. WRP. 2021, Jhrg. 67, Nr. 4, p. I.

38. HEMPHILL, C. S. - WU, T. Nascent Competitors. University of Pensylvania Law Review. 2020, Vol. 168, No. 7, pp. 1879-1910. CrossRef

39. HOLMES, S. Climate change, sustainability and competition law. Journal of Antitrust Enforcement. 2020, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 354-405. CrossRef

40. HOLMES, S. - MIDDELSCHULTE, D. - SNOEP, M. (eds.). Competition Law, Climate Change & Environmental Sustainability. New York: Concurrences, 2021.

41. HOVENKAMP, H. The Slogan and Goals of Antitrust Law In: Faculty Scholarship at Penn Carey Law [online]. 2022, pp. 92-93 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/faculty_scholarship/2853.

42. HOYNG, A. C. - VANDENBORRE, I. - JANSSENS, C. Pricing Algorithms: thoughts on a framework for competition law analysis. European Competition Law Review. 2022, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 28-39.

43. CHITI, E. Managing the Ecological Transition of the EU: The European Green Deal as a Regulatory Process. Common Market Law Review. 2022, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp. 19-48. CrossRef

44. JEPHCOTT, M. - SHAH, D. - KINGSBURY, L. Climate change, sustainability, and competition law: where are we now? E.C.L.R. 2022, Vol. 43, No. 8, pp. 366-371.

45. KHAN, L. The New Brandeis Movement: America's Antimonopoly Debate. Journal of Competition Law & Practice. 2018, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 131-132. CrossRef

46. KINGSTON, S. Integrating Environmental Protection and EU Competition Law: Why Competition Isn't Special. European Law Journal. 2021, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 780-805. CrossRef

47. KÖHLER, A. Online Advertising and the Competition for Data: What Abuse are We Looking For? World Competition Law and Economics Review. 2021, Vol. 44, No. 2, pp. 199-226. CrossRef

48. KOKKOT, J. Regulierung zwischen Datenmacht und digitaler Autonomie. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2022, Jhrg. 72, Nr. 12, pp. 641-642.

49. KÜHLING, J. Die sieben Herausforderungen für eine wettbewerbliche ordnung. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2022, Jhrg. 72, Nr. 10, pp. 522-529.

50. KUPČÍK, J. Alternativní cíle soutěžního práva a prioritizace [Alternative competition law objectives and prioritisation]. Antitrust. 2018, Vol. 10, No. 3.

51. LAMMI, G. Transformation Of Antitrust Law To All-Purpose Cure For Socioeconomic Ills Would Backfire. In: Forbes [online]. 23.7.2019 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/wlf/2019/07/23/transformation-of-antitrust-law-to-all-purpose-cure-for-socio-economic-ills-would-backfire/?sh=451392dc74a8.

52. LIANOS, I. Some Reflections on the Question of the Goals of EU Competition Law. CLES Research Papers Series 3/2013. London: Centre for Law, Economics and Society, 2013. CrossRef

53. LIANOS, I. Polycentric Competition Law. London: UCL, Centre for Law, Economics and Society, 2018. CrossRef

54. LORENZONI, I. Why do Competition Authorities need Artificial Intelligence? Yearbook of Antitrust and Regulatory Studies. 2022, Vol. 15, No. 26, pp. 33-56. CrossRef

55. MAYER, CH. Der Beitrag des Kartellrechts zum Green Deal. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2021, Jhrg. 71, Nr. 5, pp. 258-260.

56. POILLEY, R. - KONRAD, F. A. Der Digital Markets Act - Brüssels neues Regulierungskonzept für Digitale Märkte. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2021, Jhrg. 71, Nr. 4, pp. 198-206.

57. MIAZAD, A. Prosocial Antitrust. Hastings Law Journal. 2022, Vol. 73, No. 6, pp. 1637-1696.

58. Monopolkommission. Die ökologisch-digitale Transformation gelingt nur mit einer starken Wettbewerbsordnung. In: Monopolkommission [online]. 5.6.2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.monopolkommission.de/de/gutachten/hauptgutachten/385-xxiv-gesamt.html.

59. MOSS, D. L. Moss says U.S. Needs a Digital Market Regulator to Curb Big tech Power. In: American Antitrust Institute [online]. 5.11.2021 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.antitrustinstitute.org/moss-says-u-s-needs-a-digital-market-regulator-to-curb-big-techs-power/.

60. NADLER, J. et al. Investigation of Competition in Digital Markets [online]. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-117HPRT47832/pdf/CPRT-117HPRT47832.pdf.

61. NEWMANN, J. M. The Output-Welfare Fallacy: a Modern Antitrust Paradox. Iowa Law Review. 2022, Vol. 107, No. 2, pp. 563-619.

62. ODUDU, O. The Wider Concerns of Competition Law. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies. 2010, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 599-613. CrossRef

63. OECD. Environmental Considerations in Competition Enforcement [online]. OECD Competition Committee Discussion Paper. OECD, 2021 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/environmental-considerations-in-competition-enforcement-2021.pdf.

64. OHLHAUSEN, M. K. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity: Evolution or Revolution in Antitrust? In: Concurrences [online]. 2021 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://awards.concurrences.com/en/awards/2021/business-articles/liberty-equality-and-fraternity-evolution-or-revolution-in-antitrust.

65. ORBACH, B. Foreword: Antitrust Pursuit of Purpose. Fordham Law Review. 2013, Vol. 81. No. 5, pp. 2151-2156.

66. OTT, L. The Future is now: machine learning pricing algorithms and tacit collusion. Wirtschaft und Wettbewerb. 2022, Jhrg. 72, Nr. 11, pp. 590-596.

67. PETIT, N. - SCHREPEL, T. Complexity-Minded Antitrust. In: SSRN [online]. 29.7.2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4050536.

68. PITOFSKY, R. The political content of antitrust. University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 1979, Vol. 127, p. 1051 et seq. CrossRef

69. PODSZUN, R. Empfiehlt sich eine stärkere Regulierung von Online-Platformen und anderen Digitalunternehmen? München: C. H. Beck, 2020.

70. Public consultation on the draft revised Horizontal Block Exemption Regulations and Horizontal Guidelines. In: European Commission: Competition Policy [online]. 1.3.2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/public-consultations/2022-hbers_en.

71. ROBERTSON, V. Merger review in digital and technology markets: insights from national case law: final report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2022.

72. SCHINKEL, M. P. - TREUREN, L. Corporate Social Responsibility by Joint Agreement. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper TI 2021-063/VII. University of Amsterdam, Tinbergen Institute, 2021. CrossRef

73. STIGLITZ, J. E. Ekonomie veřejného sektoru [Economics of the public sector]. Praha: Grada Publishing, 1997.

74. STREEL, DE A. - LAROUCHE, P. The European Digital Markets Act proposal: how to improve a regulator revolution. Concurrences. 2021, No. 2, pp. 46-63.

75. Studienvereinigung Kartellrecht. Stellungnahme der Studienvereinigung Kartellrecht e.V. im Rahmen der Öffentlichen Konsultation der Europäischen Kommission über "Wettbewerbspolitik des Grünen Deals" [online]. 2020, p. 25 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://docplayer.org/204728082-Per-european-commission-directorate-general-for-competition-1049-brussels-belgium-20.html.

76. STYLIANOU, K. - IACOVIDES, M. C. The Goals of Competition Law: a comprehensive empirical investigation. Konkurrensverket [online]. 28.1.2021, Dnr. 407/2019 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.konkurrensverket.se/globalassets/dokument/kunskap-och-forskning/forskningsprojekt/19-0407_the-goals-of-eu-competition-law.pdf.

77. ŠMEJKAL, V. Competition law and the social market economy goal of the EU. International Comparative Jurisprudence. 2015, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33-43. CrossRef

78. ŠMEJKAL, V. (ed.). EU ANTITRUST: HOT TOPICS & NEXT STEPS. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Law, 2022.

79. THOMAS, S. Normative Goals in Merger Control: Why merger control should not attempt to achieve "better" outcomes than competition. In: Concurrences [online]. 2021, p. 10 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://awards.concurrences.com/en/awards/2021/academic-articles/normative-goals-in-merger-control-why-merger-control-should-not-attempt-to. CrossRef

80. TOWNLEY, CH. Article 81 EC and Public Policy. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2009.

81. VAN DIJK, T. A New Approach to Assess Certain Sustainability Agreements under Competition Law. In: HOLMES, S. et al. Competition Law, Climate Change & Environmental Sustainability. New York: Institute of Competition Law, 2021, pp. 55-68.

82. WHISH, R. Do Competition Lawyers Harm Welfare? In: Network Law Review [online]. 11.5.2020 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www.networklawreview.org/richard-whish-welfare/.

83. WOLF, G. - BRÜGGEMANN, N. Agenda 2025: der Digital Markets Act und § 19a GWB. D-Kart [online]. 19.7.2022 [cit. 2023-02-21]. Available at: https://www-d--kart-de.translate.goog/en/blog/2022/07/19/agenda-2025-der-digital-markets-act-und-%C2%A719a-gwb/?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=cs&_x_tr_hl=cs&_x_tr_pto=sc.

84. ZIMMER, D. (ed.). The Goals of Competition Law. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2012. CrossRef

Creative Commons License
Sustainability of “Traditional Antitrust” under the Challenge of “Sustainability” and Digitization is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

230 x 157 mm
vychází: 4 x ročně
cena tištěného čísla: 65 Kč
ISSN: 0323-0619
E-ISSN: 2336-6478

Ke stažení