ORBIS SCHOLAE
ORBIS SCHOLAE

We inform authors and readers that, following an agreement with the Karolinum publishing house, from 2024 (Volume 18), the journal Orbis scholae will be published only in electronic form.

Orbis scholae is an academic journal published by Charles University, Prague. It features articles on school education in the wider socio-cultural context. It aims to contribute to our understanding and the development of school education, and to the reflection of teaching practice and educational policy.

ORBIS SCHOLAE, Vol 11 No 3 (2017), 9–27

“Es waren die Stengel urr aufgewachsen.” Language/s in Education – Going Back and Moving Forward

Eva Vetter, Duygu Durmus

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/23363177.2018.277
published online: 15. 08. 2018

abstract

The present contribution positions language/s in education in a Human Rights perspective. It is argued that language is an influential factor in achieving educational equity. Educational equity is linked to the pedagogical principle that all teaching shall start with the learners’ capacities. In super-diverse classrooms the linguistic capacities may vary significantly, whereas the competencies to be reached remain equal for all. In the background of Human Rights this calls for a strictly learner-centred approach that oscillates between what learners already know and the institution’s requirements. What this means for language/s in and for education is discussed in the light of scaffolding and translanguaging. Both approaches were developed specifically for institutional learning in the context of super-diversity. It is argued that they both only partially meet the challenge and may complement each other. This is illustrated with examples from action research in a sequence of biology lessons in a Viennese middle school.

keywords: academic language, scaffolding, translanguaging, (in)equity in education, biology lesson

references (59)

1. August, D., & Shanahan, T. (2006). Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on language-minority children and youth. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

2. Bailey, B. (2012). Heteroglossia. In M. Martin-Jones, A. Blackledge & A. Creese (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of multilingualism (pp. 499−507). London, UK: Routledge.

3. Bernstein, B. (1964). Elaborated and restricted codes: Their social origins and some consequences. American Anthropologist, 66, 55−69. CrossRef

4. Bernstein, B. (1977). Class, codes and control. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

5. BIST (2017). Ergebnisse der Standardüberprüfung Mathematik, 8. Schulstufe (2017) im Überblick. Retrieved from https://www.bifie.at/ergebnisse-im-ueberblick-bistm82017/

6. Blackledge, A., & Creese, A. (2017). Translanguaging in mobility. In S. Canagarajah (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of migration and language (pp. 31−46). London, UK: Routledge.

7. Bortz, J., & Döring, N. (2016). Forschungsmethoden und Evaluation in den Sozialund Humanwissenschaften (5th ed.). Heidelberg: Springer.

8. Canagarajah, S. (2013). Translingual practice: Global Englishes and cosmopolitan relations. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.

9. Canagarajah, S. (2017). Introduction: the nexus of migration and language: the emergence of a disciplinary space. In S. Canagarajah (Ed.), The Routledge handbook of migration and language (pp. 1−28). London, UK: Routledge.

10. Creese, A., & Blackledge, A. (2010). Translanguaging in the bilingual classroom: A pedagogy for learning and teaching?. Modern Language Journal, 94, 103−115. CrossRef

11. Cummins, J. (1979). Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children. Review of Educational Research, 49(79), 222−251. CrossRef

12. Cummins, J. (1981). The role of primary language development in promoting educational success for language minority students. In California State Department of Education (Ed.), Schooling and language minority students: A theoretical framework. Los Angeles: Evaluation, Dissemination and Assessment Center California State University.

13. Cummins, J. (2008). BICS and CALP: Empirical and theoretical status of the distinction. In P. A. Duff & N. H. Hornberger (Eds.), Encyclopedia of language and education (pp. 71−83). New York: Springer Science. CrossRef

14. Cummins, J. (2016). Reflections on Cummins (1980), "The cross-lingual dimensions of language proficiency: Implications for bilingual education and the optimal age issue". TESOL Quarterly, 50(4), 940−944. CrossRef

15. Cummins, J., Hu, S., Markus, P., & Montero, K. M. (2015). Identity texts and academic achievement: Connecting the dots in multilingual school contexts. TESOL Quarterly, 49(3), 555−581. CrossRef

16. Durmus, D. (2016). Scaffolding − Der Weg zur konzeptionellen Schriftlichkeit" Inwiefern unterstützt das Scaffolding im Fachunterricht den Weg zur Bildungssprache? (Diploma thesis). Wien: Universität Wien.

17. García, O., & Flores, N. (2014). Multilingualism and Common Core State Standards in the United States. In S. May (Ed.), The multilingual turn. Implications for SLA, TESOL and bilingual education (pp. 147−166). New York: Routledge.

18. García, O., & Menken, K. (2015). Cultivating an ecology of multilingualism at school. In B. Spolsky, O. Inbar-Lourie & M. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Challenges for language education and policy (pp. 95−109). New York: Routledge.

19. García, O. (2017). Translanguaging in schools − Subiendo y bajando, bajando y subiendo as afterword. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 16(4), 256−263. CrossRef

20. Genesee, F., Lindholm-Leary, K., Saunders, W. M., & Christian, D. (2006). Educating English language learners: A synthesis of research evidence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

21. Gibbons, P. (2009). English learners, academic literacy, and thinking. Portsmouth: Heinemann.

22. Gogolin, I. (2010). Bildungssprache. In H. Barkowski & H. J. Krumm (Eds.), Fachlexikon Deutsch als Fremd- und Zweitsprache (p. 29). Tübingen/Basel: A. Francke.

23. Gogolin, I., & Lange, I. (2011). Bildungssprache und durchgängige Sprachbildung. In S. Fürstenau & M. Gomolla (Eds.), Migration und schulischer Wandel: Mehrsprachigkeit (pp. 107−127). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. CrossRef

24. Habermas, J. (1977). Umgangssprache, Wissenschaftssprache, Bildungssprache. In Jahrbuch Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (pp. 36−51). Göttingen: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft.

25. Haim, O. (2014). Factors predicting academic success in second and third language among Russian-speaking immigrant students studying in Israeli schools. International Journal of Multilingualism, 11(1), 41−61. CrossRef

26. Haim, O. (2018). Academic proficiency performance in second and third language: the role of school context. Language, Culture and Curriculum, 31(2), 1−17. CrossRef

27. Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as social semiotic: The social interpretation of language and meaning. London, UK: Edward Arnold.

28. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1994). Cohesion in English. London, UK: Longman.

29. Hammond, J., & Gibbons, P. (2005). Putting scaffolding to work: The contribution of scaffolding in articulating ESL education. Prospect, 20(1), 6−30.

30. Herzog-Punzenberger, B. (2017). Segregation − oder die Vielfalt in den Schulklassen? Policy Brief #05. Wien: Arbeiterkammer Wien.

31. House, J., & Rehbein, J. (2004). What is multilingual communication?. In J. House & J. Rehbein (Eds.), Multilingual Communication (pp. 1−18). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossRef

32. Jørgensen, J. N., Karrebæk, M. S., Madsen, L. M., & Møller, J. S. (2011). Polylanguaging in superdiversity. Diversities, 13(2), 23−38.

33. Kniffka, G. (2010). Scaffolding. Retrieved from www.unidue.de/imperia/md/content/prodaz/scaffolding.pdf

34. Levin, T., & Shohamy, E. (2008). Achievement of immigrant students in mathematics and academic Hebrew in Israeli school: A large-scale evaluation study. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 34(1), 1−14. CrossRef

35. Mick, C. (2011). Heteroglossia in a multilingual learning space: Approaching language beyond 'Lingualisms'. In C. Hélot & M. Ó Laoire (Eds.), Language policy for the multilingual classroom. Pedagogy of the possible (pp. 22−42). Bristol: Multilingual Matters.

36. Morek, M., & Heller, V. (2012). Bildungssprache − kommunikative, epistemische, soziale und interaktive Aspekte ihres Gebrauchs. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik, 57(1), 67−101. Norton, B. (2014). Identity, literacy, and the multilingual classroom. In S. May (Ed.), The multilingual turn. Implications for SLA, TESOL and bilingual education (pp. 103−122). London, UK: Routledge.

37. OESZ (2012). Sprachsensibler Fachunterricht in der Sekundarstufe. Grundlagen − Methoden − Praxisbeispiele, Praxisreihe 23. Retrieved from http://oesz.at/sprachsensiblerunterricht/ UPLOAD/Praxisreihe_23web.pdf

38. Otsuji, E., & Pennycook, A. (2011). Social inclusion and metrolingual practices. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14(4), 413−426. CrossRef

39. Pickel, T. & Hélot, C. (2014). "Because it is my life, and I'm the one who makes choices" − Newcomers in the French education system and career guidance: What about their plurilingual competence? In P. Grommes & A. Hu (Eds.), Plurilingual education. Policies − practices − language development (pp. 161−179). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossRef

40. Prediger, S., Clarkson, P., & Boses, A. (2016). Purposefully relating multilingual registers: Building theory and teaching strategies for bilingual learners based on an integration of three traditions. In R. Barwell, P. Clarkson, A. Halai, M. Kazima, J. Moschkovich, N. Planas, … & M. Villavicencio Ubillús (Eds.), Mathematics education and language diversity (pp. 193−215). Cham: Springer. CrossRef

41. Quehl, T., & Trapp, U. (2015). Wege zur Bildungssprache im Sachunterricht. Sprachbildung in der Grundschule auf der Basis von Planungsrahmen. Münster/New York: Waxmann.

42. Rojo, M. L. (2013). From multilingual practices to social processes. The understanding of linguistic 'respect' in contact zones. In J. J. Weber & I. de Saint-Georges (Eds.), Multilingualism and multimodality. Current challenges for educational studies (pp. 33−58). Rotterdam: Sense. CrossRef

43. Schüler-Meyer, A., Prediger, S., Kuzu, T., Wessel, L., & Redder, A. (2017). Is formal language proficiency in the home language required to profit from a bilingual teaching intervention in Mathematics? A mixed methods study on fostering multilingual students' conceptual understanding. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 15(8), 1−23. CrossRef

44. Tajmel, T., & Hägi-Mead, S. (2017). Sprachbewusste Unterrichtsplanung: Prinzipien, Methoden und Beispiele für die Umsetzung. Münster, New York: Waxmann.

45. Thomas, W. P., & Collier, V. P. (2002). A national study of school effectiveness for language minority students' long-term academic achievement. Santa Cruz: Center for Research on Education, Diversity, and Excellence. Retrieved from http://www.thomasandcollier.com/assets/2002_thomas-and-collier_2002-final-report.pdf

46. UN. (1948). Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf

47. UN. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf

48. UNESCO. (2003). Education in a multilingual world. UNESCO education position paper.

49. UNESCO. (2006). UNESCO guidelines on intercultural education. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001478/147878e.pdf

50. UNESCO. (2015). Inchineon declaration and framework for action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Retrieved from http://unesdoc .unesco.org/images/0024/002456/245656E.pdf

51. UNESCO. (2016). If you don't understand, how can you learn? Global education monitoring report, Policy paper 24. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002437/243713E.pdf

52. UNESCO. (2018). Accountability in education: meeting our commitments. Global education monitoring report 2017/8. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0025/002593/259338e.pdf

53. Vetter, E. (2014). "Basiskompetenzen sprachliche Bildung" − Pilotierung eines Kurses für Studierende aller Lehramtsfächer und mögliche Konsequenzen für die LehrerInnenbildung. In A. Wegner & E. Vetter (Eds.), Mehrsprachigkeit und Professionalisierung in pädagogischen Berufen: Interdisziplinäre Zugänge zu aktuellen Herausforderungen im Bildungsbereich (pp. 193−207). Opladen: Budrich UniPress.

54. Vetter, E. (2018). The potential in resistance. Subject-related empirical research in the multilingual classroom. In E. Allgäuer-Hackl, K. Brogan, U. Henning, B. Hufeisen, & J. Schlabach (Eds.), More languages? − PlurCur! Research and practice regarding plurilingual whole school curricula (pp. 155−173). Retrieved from https://www.ecml.at/Portals/1/docu-ments/ECML-resources/PlurCur-EN-final.pdf#page=156

55. Vygotskij, L. S. (2002). Denken und Sprechen. Weinheim: Beltz.

56. Wagenschein, M. (1970). Ursprüngliches Verstehen und exaktes Denken (2nd ed., vol. I & II). Stuttgart: Klett.

57. Wagenschein, M. (1971). Die pädagogische Dimension der Physik (3rd ed.). Braunschweig: Westermann.

58. Wagenschein, M. (n. d.). Zum Problem des Genetischen Lehrens (W172). Retrieved from http://www.martin-wagenschein.de/en/2/W-172.pdf

59. Walter, S. L., & Benson, C. (2012). Language policy and medium of instruction in formal education. In B. Spolsky. (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of Language Policy (pp. 278−300). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

Creative Commons License
“Es waren die Stengel urr aufgewachsen.” Language/s in Education – Going Back and Moving Forward is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

230 x 157 mm
periodicity: 3 x per year
print price: 150 czk
ISSN: 1802-4637
E-ISSN: 2336-3177

Download