AUC IURIDICA
AUC IURIDICA

Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica (AUC Iuridica) is a legal journal published since 1955, which presents longer essays as well as short articles on topics relevant for legal theory and international, European and Czech law. It also publishes works concerning current legislative problems.

Although intended primarily for domestic audience, AUC Iuridica is useful also for foreign experts, who can take advantage of summaries in foreign languages (English, German and French) and key words, which are systematically added to the main articles and essays.

The published articles are subject to peer reviews. If necessary, reviewed texts are sent back to the author for revision.

AUC Iuridica accepts contributions from any contributor on any current legal topic.

The journal is registered in the Czech National Bibliography (kept by the National Library of the Czech Republic) and in the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals (kept by the American Association of Law Libraries).

The journal is archived in Portico.

–––

We are pleased to inform you that the journal Acta Universitatis Carolinae Iuridica was the first journal of the Faculty of Law of Charles University to be included in the prestigious international database SCOPUS. This Elsevier database is the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature in the world. The editors of the journal expect from the inclusion in the elite SCOPUS database not only an increase in the readership of the journal, but also an increase in interest in the publication of papers by both Czech and foreign authors.

AUC IURIDICA, Vol 67 No 3 (2021), 71–96

Francie jako laický stát, vývoj a aktuální stav

[France as a Laic State, Its Development and the Current State]

Petr Karola

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/23366478.2021.26
published online: 13. 09. 2021

abstract

This article is part of my dissertation on The Czech Republic as a Secular State. Its purpose is to explain what a secular state is, how it originated, how it has developed, and how it can be defined. Since the model of the laic state was primarily created in the gradually developing process of secularization in France and is linked to the local constitutional principle of laïcité, the article focuses primarily on this country. The article is divided into three interrelated parts. The first part discusses the constitutional principle of laïcité, unique to France, and its development up to 1958; the second part examines the process of the separation of the state from the church and the process of the formation of the secular state, taking into account the legal and constitutional aspects of this process; and the third, the most extensive part, examines the development of both legal secularism and laïcité from 1958 to the present. Moreover, it puts the whole development in the context of the state’s, gradually escalating, reaction to the growing influence of the “new” religions, especially Islam.

keywords: France; laic state; laïcité; Islam; relationship between church and state

references (45)

1. Assembleé nationale. Rapport d'information fait au nom de la mission d'information sur la question du port des signes religieux a l'école, n°1275 - tome II - 1ère partie. In: Assembleé nationale [online]. 2003 [cit. 2021-04-10]. Dostupné na: https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/12/rapports/r1275-t2.asp.

2. BAUBÉROT, J. Histoire de la laïcité en France. 6. vyd. [Paris]: Presses universitaires de France, [2013]. CrossRef

3. BAUBÉROT, J. La Laïcité falsifiée. Paris: La Découverte, 2012.

4. BARBIER, M. Esquisse d'une théorie de la laïcité. Le débat. 1993, vol. 5, n° 77. CrossRef

5. BERGER, L. P. The Desecularization of the World: a Global Overview. In: BERGER, L. P. (ed.). The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999.

6. BESWICK, E. Demonstrations throughout France in tribute to beheaded teacher. In: Euronews [online]. 19. 10. 2020 [cit. 2021-04-18]. Dostupné na: https://www.euronews.com/2020/10/16/man-decapitated-near-paris-police-confirm-to-euronews.

7. BOKDAM-TOGNETTI, É. Le financement des cultes dans la juriprudence du Conseil d'État. Les Nouveaux Cahiers du Conseil constitutionnel. 2016/4, no. 53 CrossRef

8. BURGAT, F. Comprendre l'islam politique: une trajectoire de recherche sur l'altérité islamiste, 1973-2016. Paris: La Découverte, 2016. CrossRef

9. Ce que contient le projet de loi contre le « séparatisme » examiné par l'Assemblée. Le Monde [online]. 1. 2. 2021 [cit. 2021-04-18]. Dostupné na: https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2021/02/01/instruction-a-domicile-haine-en-ligne-neutralite-du-service-public-ce-que-contient-le-projet-de-loi-contre-le-separatisme-examine-par-les-deputes_6068402_823448.html?fbclid=IwAR35sWpmKl2UghmpWcH6W80G0LqLUa-HPs88ynrQZnTxW2nIQ_kvYNH0lOM.

10. CHELINI-PONT, B. Legal Secularism in France Today: between Two Paths. In: CONTRERAS, J. - MARIA DE CODES, R. (eds.). Trends of Secularism in a Pluralistic World. Madrid: Iberoamericana Vervuert, 2013.

11. CHELINI-PONT, B. Is Laïcité the French Civil Religion? George Washington International Law Review. 2010, CIVIL RELIGIONS, Vol. 41, No. 44.

12. CHRISAFIS, A. Pork or nothing: how school dinners are dividing France. The Guardian [online]. 13. 10. 2015 [cit. 2021-04-17]. Dostupné na: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/13/pork-school-dinners-france-secularism-children-religious-intolerancehttps://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/13/pork-school-dinners-france-secularism-children-religious-intolerance.

13. Compte rendu du Conseil des ministres du 9 décembre 2020. Projets de loi. Respect des principes de la République. In: Gouvernement: Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité [online]. 2020 [cit. 2021-04-20]. Dostupné na: https://www.gouvernement.fr/conseil-des-ministres/2020-12-09#respect-des-principes-de-la-republique.

14. Élysée. La République en actes: discours et conférence de presse du Président depuis Les Mureaux. In: YouTube video [online]. 27. 02. 2007 [cit. 2021-04-18]. Dostupné na: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dcIDKr9mJ7c.

15. GREGORY, A. French city closes public swimming pools after Muslim women defy burkini ban in protest. Independent [online]. 28. 6. 2019 [cit. 2021-04-18]. Dostupné na: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/swimming-pool-closed-burkini-ban-france-grenoble-muslim-protest-a8978836.html.

16. HÁCHA, E. - HOETZEL, J. - WEYR, F. - LAŠTOVKA, K. Slovník veřejného práva československého. Sv. III, [P-R]. Repr. pův. vyd. z r. 1934. Praha: Eurolex Bohemia, 2000.

17. IBNOUZAHIR, Z. France. #PasToucheAmonHijab: les femmes voilées dénoncent le projet de loi contre le séparatisme. In: Le360 [online]. 19. 4. 2021 [cit. 2021-04-22]. Dostupné na: https://fr.le360.ma/monde/france-pastoucheamonhijab-les-femmes-voilees-denoncent-le-projet-de-loi-contre-le-separatisme-237147?fbclid=IwAR3erCBNX-GYC7WmG9pBlRZfC3wE03kXoMUJwF4sGLoQbMJ6NB-361Yb8gY.

18. JONES, N. Beneath the Veil: Muslim Girls and Islamic Headscarves in Secular France. Macquarie Law Journal. 2009, Vol. 9.

19. KEPEL, G. Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002, s. 265-270.

20. KEPEL, G. Terreur dans l'Hexagone: genèse du djihad français. Paris: Gallimard, 2015.

21. KILLIAN, C. The Other Side of the Veil: North African Women in France Respond to the Headscarf Affair. Gender & Society. 2003, Vol. 17, No. 4. CrossRef

22. KINTZLER, C. Qu'est-ce que la laïcité? Paris: Librairie Philosophique Vrin, 2007. CrossRef

23. KLOKOČKA, V. - WAGNEROVÁ, E. Ústavy států Evropské unie. Praha: Linde Praha, a. s., 1997.

24. KÜNG, H. Malé dějiny katolické církve. 2. vyd. Brno: Barrister & Principal, 2010.

25. Le Sénat vote une version de la "loi séparatisme" nettement durcie par la droite. In: France 24 [online]. 13. 4. 2021 [cit. 2021-04-18]. Dostupné na: https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20210413-le-sénat-vote-une-version-de-la-loi-séparatisme-nettement-durcie-par-la-droite?fbclid=IwAR1HBuz_S22t4vni2nhAXkRsxozJkZdisE_i5gje7CpkSFFDLJV5dfziOgY.

26. Macron stupňuje tlak: muslimští lídři mají do týdne předložit chartu republikánských hodnot. In: ČT24 [online]. 26. 11. 2020 [cit. 2021-04-25]. Dostupné na: https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/svet/3232252-macron-stupnuje-tlak-muslimsti-lidri-maji-do-tydne-predlozit-chartu-republikanskych.

27. MALÝ, R. Církevní dějiny. Olomouc: Matice cyrilometodějská, 2001.

28. MAUROIS, A. - DROZD, M. - BOROVIČKOVÁ, A. Dějiny Francie. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 1994.

29. MAYANTHI, F. The Republic's "Second Religion": Recognizing Islam in France. Middle East Report: Europe and Islam - the challenge of inclusion. 2005, Vol. 35, No. 235.

30. MAYEUR, J.-M. La séparation des Eglises et de l'Etat. Paris: De l'Atelier, reed. 1991.

31. MAZHER, M. I. Laïcité and the banning of the 'hijab' in France. Legal Studies. 2005, Vol. 25, No. 2, s. 260-295. CrossRef

32. MESSNER, F. State and Church in France. In: ROBBERS, G. (ed.). State and Church in the European Union. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2005.

33. NOWAK, J. R. Církev a Velká francouzská revoluce. Olomouc: Matice cyrilometodějská, 2003.

34. Observatoire de la Laïcité. Rapport des français à la religion et aux convictions: chiffres clés. In: Gouvernement: Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité [online]. 2019 [cit. 2021-04-10]. Dostupné na: https://www.gouvernement.fr/rapport-des-francais-a-la-religion-et-aux-convictions-chiffres-cles.

35. PELCZAR, J. S. Rewolucja francuska wobec religii katolickiej i jej duchowieństwa. Przemyśl: Drukarni Jana Lazora w przemyslu, 1922.

36. President Sarkozy says 'no place' for burqa in secular France. In: France 24 [online]. 12. 11. 2009 [cit. 2021-04-15]. Dostupné na: https://www.france24.com/en/20091112-president-sarkozy-says-no-place-burqa-secular-france.

37. Projet de loi confortant le respect des principes de la République (INTX2030083L). In: République Française: Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité: Légifrance [online]. 2020 [cit. 2021-04-20]. Dostupné na: https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/dossierlegislatif/JORFDOLE000042635616/?detailType=CONTENU&detailId=1.

38. RENAN, E. Qu'est-ce qu'une nation? [1882]. Whitefish: Kessinger Publishing, 2010. CrossRef

39. Retrait de la loi séparatisme. In: La Coalition pour les Libertés Associatives [online]. 9. 2. 2021 [cit. 2021-04-22]. Dostupné na: https://www.lacoalition.fr/Signez-la-petition-Et-si-la-loi-separatisme-dissimulait-en-realite-une-loi-anti?fbclid=IwAR1XfABp_yAn1lFehSveyci4f52X4LzoXrk4EItjwXRCjyfopfCmuoHMlBI.

40. RIVERO, J. La notion juridique de laïcité. Recueil Dalloz. 1949, n° 33.

41. ROSSINOT, A. La laïcité dans les services publics: rapport du Groupe de Travail [online]. 13. 9. 2006, s. 22 [cit. 2021-04-18]. Dostupné na: https://www.fonction-publique.gouv.fr/files/files/statut_et_remunerations/laicite/2006_rapport_Rossinot_laicite.pdf?fbclid=IwAR35sWpmKl2UghmpWcH6W80G0LqLUa-HPs88ynrQZnTxW2nIQ_kvYNH0lOM.

42. ROY, O. EuroIslam: the jihad within? The National Interest. 2003, Vol. 71, s. 63-73.

43. SCHWARZENBACH, A. Fighting the "Threat from Within": France and Its Counter-Radicalization Strategy. In: VIDINO, L. (ed.). De-Radicalization in the Mediterranean: Comparing Challenges and Approaches. Milano: Ledizioni-LediPublishing, 2018, s. 21-33.

44. SNYDER, R. E. Liberté Religieuse en Europe: Discussing the French Concealment Act. Human Rights Brief. 2011, Vol. 18, No. 3.

45. TINKOVÁ, D. Francouzská revoluce. Praha: Triton, 2008.

Creative Commons License
Francie jako laický stát, vývoj a aktuální stav is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

230 x 157 mm
periodicity: 4 x per year
print price: 65 czk
ISSN: 0323-0619
E-ISSN: 2336-6478

Download