Způsoby tolerance jako typy demokracie

Thesis no. 1: Tolerance is a liberal axiom in concept of modem state and means the following: – The state is not a personification of the strong good (ethical ideas). The state cannot tell citizens what is and what is not the sense of their lives, to what they should or should not devote their life endeavour, what is good or bad from the ethical point of view for them. In this sense, however, a tolerant state is not set apart from the good and evil. Nevertheless, moral principals, which the state represents, are political principals of cooperation of different people within one common state. These principals are comprised of tolerance, equality, justice, man rights and freedoms, etc. These political principals are not as comprehensive as the ethical good has in man’s life, but they are not irrelevant from the moral perspective. – State is a community of people and every member of such a community has his own idea about the good. Therefore, the pluralistic good lives, develops and is maintained. Tolerance is a fundamental method of its liberal coexistence. – Tolerance may exist only in environment, where there is difference between public and private, i.e. in the area, where rights and freedoms represent a subjective claim against the power of state and where the state power is limited from this point of view. – Tolerance is not only a political axiom, as it also is a morality of citizens. Because the principal of tolerance has to be compatible with my believes (with personal identity and with the ethical good). In other case, there would be an unsurpassable gap between my private and public life, or in other words, between my ethical and political life and I would be forced to breach one or another either by words orby acting. The compatibility of principal of tolerance and my personal identity is not formally logical; on the contrary it represents the possibility of coexistence of both these principals in the consciences and life of one man. Thesis no. 2: Democracy is not compatible with tolerance ex definitione. Regardless what definition we use for democracy, it is always the idea of sovereignty of people. The question is why people should respect, in a frame of aforementioned conception, the tolerance of its government. Democracy is facing objection chat it represents tyranny of majority. And the principal of tolerance is protection against degeneration of democracy into tyranny. Thesis no. 3: Based on grades of tolerance we can distinguish different types of democracy. a) Mechanical concept of tolerance, when difference is measured by one abstract standard, corresponds with democracy characterized as governance of majority. b) Tolerance presented in aforementioned liberal concept corresponds with liberal democracy, chat provides liberal environment for pluralistic attempts of individuals while creating a bond necessary for just, equal and sensible collaboration of various people within one political community. c) Tolerance, which only recognizes digression in a framework of single general ethical good, corresponds to organic concept of democracy, according to which a state is expression of ethical union (the spirit) of people.