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Counterfactual history (and counterfactual thinking in general) is a very popular approach with a long tradition. It is based on the assumption that history is not inevitable, but instead could have taken place differently at each moment. At the level of their own stories and in the context of world history, people ask the question: “What would have happened if…” The book presents a comprehensive view of this phenomenon seen from the perspective of different sciences (psychology, logic, literary science), with historiography as the focus. Indeed, counterfactual history does not have to be just a random narrative – it can have a methodological framework and follow scientific procedures. An important part of this is its didactic application, which is covered in the book both theoretically (the possibilities and limits of such an approach in teaching) and practically (suggestions for specific lessons).