Marx bez marxismu. K epistemologickým základům Marxovy kritické teorie společnosti

The study examines Marx’s work outside the framework of later doctrinaire “Marxisms” and argues that its significance lies primarily in Marx’s critical method and in the epistemological consequences opened up by this method. The study focuses on Marx’s analysis of “objective semblance”, or the meanings attributed by social agents. These meanings are not mere errors or subjective illusions, but rather constitute what Marx terms “socially valid, and therefore objective forms of thought”. In this context, the study reconstructs Marx’s categorial critique and its epistemological core as a means of overcoming empiricism, interpretivism, and methodological individualism, while demonstrating its broader relevance to contemporary critical theory and the philosophy of science. The text brings Marx’s method into dialogue with modern epistemological approaches, particularly French historical epistemology, and structural approaches. It demonstrates that Marx’s critical method is not merely a historical precursor to subsequent critical theory; it also provides relevant theoretical tools that, in some respects, anticipate poststructuralist philosophy while, in others, make it possible to move beyond its limits.