Specifika práce s bilingvním klientem v psychologické praxi

There has been a great increase of interest in bilingual studies in recent years. Currently there is a solid basis of theoretical knowledge in many aspects of bilingualism, however, they get to practicing psychologists only on a very limited scale. The goal of this article is to make this knowledge more accessible to practicing psychologists in both fields, clinical and I/O psychology. At the beginning, the contemporary theories of bilingual processing within one brain are discussed. They help to explain some aspects of bilingualism, such as cognitive advantages (like better executive functions, or social cognition) and disadvantages (like worse performance in verbal tasks). Then there are described differences in personality and emotional expressions based on the used language. This is followed by specifics of bilingualism in some neuropsychiatric conditions. The article concludes with several notes on practical application of mentioned research in psychological work.

1. Abutalebi, J., Guidi, L., Borsa, V., Canini, M., Della Rosa, P. A., Parris, B. A., & Weekes, B. S. (2015). Bilingualism provides a neural reserve for aging populations. Neuropsychologia, 69, 201-210. CrossRef

2. Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 80(2), 207-245. CrossRef

3. Ardila, A. (2017). Dissociated language disorders in bilinguals. In A. Ardila, A Cieślicka, R. Heredia, M. Rossell (Eds.) Psychology of Bilingualism (pp. 211-224). Springer, Cham. CrossRef

4. Bialystok, E. (2017). The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological bulletin, 143(3), 233. CrossRef

5. Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Luk, G. (2012). Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain. Trends in cognitive sciences, 16(4), 240-250. CrossRef

6. Bialystok, E., & Luk, G. (2012). Receptive vocabulary differences in monolingual and bilingual adults. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(2), 397-401. CrossRef

7. Bond, M. H., & Yang, K. S. (1982). Ethnic affirmation versus cross-cultural accommodation: The variable impact of questionnaire language on Chinese bilinguals from Hong Kong. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13(2), 169-185. CrossRef

8. Briley, D. A., Morris, M. W., & Simonson, I. (2005). Cultural chameleons: Biculturals, conformity motives, and decision making. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(4), 351-362. CrossRef

9. Byford, A. (2015). Lost and gained in translation: The impact of bilingual clientsʼ choice of language in psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 31(3), 333-347. CrossRef

10. Cofresi, N. I., & Gorman, A. A. (2004). Testing and assessment issues with Spanish‐English bilingual Latinos. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82(1), 99-106. CrossRef

11. Costa, A., Caramazza, A., & Sebastian-Galles, N. (2000). The cognate facilitation effect: implications for models of lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26(5), 1283. CrossRef

12. Costa, A., Foucart, A., Hayakawa, S., Aparici, M., Apesteguia, J., Heafner, J., & Keysar, B. (2014). Your morals depend on language. PloS one, 9(4), e94842. CrossRef

13. Cushen, P. J., & Wiley, J. (2011). Aha! Voila! Eureka! Bilingualism and insightful problem solving. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(4), 458-462. CrossRef

14. De Bruin, A., Treccani, B., & Della Sala, S. (2015). Cognitive advantage in bilingualism: An example of publication bias?. Psychological science, 26(1), 99-107. CrossRef

15. De Zulueta, F. I. S., Gene‐Cos, N., & Grachev, S. (2001). Differential psychotic symptomatology in polyglot patients: Case reports and their implications. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(3), 277-292. CrossRef

16. Dewaele, J. M. (2015). From obscure echo to language of the heart: Multilinguals' language choices for (emotional) inner speech. Journal of Pragmatics, 87, 1-17. CrossRef

17. Dick, A. S., Bernal, B., & Tremblay, P. (2014). The language connectome: new pathways, new concepts. The Neuroscientist, 20(5), 453-467. CrossRef

18. Dijkstra, T. (2005). Bilingual visual word recognition and lexical access. In J. Kroll, A De Groot (Eds.) Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches, (179-201). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

19. Dijkstra, T., & Van Heuven, W. J. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and cognition, 5(3), 175-197. CrossRef

20. Donnelly, S., Brooks, P. J., & Homer, B. D. (2015, July). Examining the Bilingual Advantage on Conflict Resolution Tasks: A Meta-Analysis. In CogSci.

21. Fabbro, F. (2001). The bilingual brain: Bilingual aphasia. Brain and language, 79(2), 201-210. CrossRef

22. Fridriksson, J., Yourganov, G., Bonilha, L., Basilakos, A., Den Ouden, D. B., & Rorden, C. (2016). Revealing the dual streams of speech processing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(52), 15108-15113. CrossRef

23. Friederici, A. D., & Gierhan, S. M. (2013). The language network. Current opinion in neurobiology, 23(2), 250-254. CrossRef

24. García, A. M. (2014). Neurocognitive determinants of performance variability among world-language users. Journal of World Languages, 1(1), 60-77. CrossRef

25. Ge, J., Peng, G., Lyu, B., Wang, Y., Zhuo, Y., Niu, Z. & Gao, J. H. (2015). Cross-language differences in the brain network subserving intelligible speech. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(10), 2972-2977. CrossRef

26. Geipel, J., Hadjichristidis, C., & Surian, L. (2015). How foreign language shapes moral judgment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 59, 8-17. CrossRef

27. Gold, B. T., Johnson, N. F., & Powell, D. K. (2013). Lifelong bilingualism contributes to cognitive reserve against white matter integrity declines in aging. Neuropsychologia, 51(13), 2841-2846. CrossRef

28. Gollan, T. H., Montoya, R. I., Fennema-Notestine, C. & Morris, S. K. (2005). Bilingualism affects picture naming but not picture classification. Memory & cognition, 33(7), 1220-1234. CrossRef

29. Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and cognition, 1(2), 67-81. CrossRef

30. Grosjean, F. (1994). Individual bilingualism. In R. E. Asher, J. M. Y. Simpson (Eds.), The encyclopedia of language and linguistics, 3 (1656-1660). Oxford, New York: Pergamon Press.

31. Grundy, J. G., & Timmer, K. (2017). Bilingualism and working memory capacity: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Second Language Research, 33(3), 325-340. CrossRef

32. Guzmán-Vélez, E., & Tranel, D. (2015). Does bilingualism contribute to cognitive reserve? Cognitive and neural perspectives. Neuropsychology, 29(1), 139. CrossRef

33. Hagoort, P. (2005). On Broca, brain, and binding: a new framework. Trends in cognitive sciences, 9(9), 416-423. CrossRef

34. Hagoort, P. (2013). MUC (memory, unification, control) and beyond. Frontiers in psychology, 4, 416. CrossRef

35. Harpaz, Y., Levkovitz, Y., & Lavidor, M. (2009). Lexical ambiguity resolution in Wernicke's area and its right homologue. Cortex, 45(9), 1097-1103. CrossRef

36. Hayakawa, S., Costa, A., Foucart, A., & Keysar, B. (2016). Using a foreign language changes our choices. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(11), 791-793. CrossRef

37. Hemphill, R. E. (1971). Auditory hallucinations in polyglots. South African Medical Journal, 45(12).

38. Hickok, G., & Poeppel, D. (2007). The cortical organization of speech processing. Nature reviews neuroscience, 8(5), 393. CrossRef

39. Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 18(4), 625-658. CrossRef

40. Chee, M. W., Soon, C. S., & Lee, H. L. (2003). Common and segregated neuronal networks for different languages revealed using functional magnetic resonance adaptation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(1), 85-97. CrossRef

41. Chen, S. X., & Bond, M. H. (2010). Two languages, two personalities? Examining language effects on the expression of personality in a bilingual context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(11), 1514-1528. CrossRef

42. Indefrey, P., Hagoort, P., Herzog, H., Seitz, R. J., & Brown, C. M. (2001). Syntactic processing in left prefrontal cortex is independent of lexical meaning. Neuroimage, 14(3), 546-555. CrossRef

43. Kim, S. J., Shim, J. C., Kong, B. G., Kang, J. W., Moon, J. J., Jeon, D. W. & Jung, D. U. (2015). The relationship between language ability and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience, 13(3), 288. CrossRef

44. Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J. K., Milner, B., Crane, J., Belin, P., & Bouffard, M. (2006). Bilingual brain organization: A functional magnetic resonance adaptation study. Neuroimage, 31(1), 366-375. CrossRef

45. Kroll, J. F., Dussias, P. E., Bice, K., & Perrotti, L. (2015). Bilingualism, mind, and brain. Annu. Rev. Linguist., 1(1), 377-394. CrossRef

46. Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018). Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review. Psychological bulletin, 144(4), 394. CrossRef

47. Li, P., Zhang, F., Tsai, E., & Puls, B. (2014). Language history questionnaire (LHQ 2.0): A new dynamic web-based research tool. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 17(3), 673-680. CrossRef

48. Luk, G., Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I., & Grady, C. L. (2011). Lifelong bilingualism maintains white matter integrity in older adults. Journal of Neuroscience, 31(46), 16808-16813. CrossRef

49. Lukianowicz, N. (1962). Auditory hallucinations in polyglot subjects. European Neurology, 143(4), 274-294. CrossRef

50. Malo Ocejo, P., Medrano, J. A., & Uriarte, J. U. (1991). Auditory hallucinations in bilingual subjects. Archivos de neurobiologia, 54(1), 15-19.

51. Marcos, L. R. (1976). Bilinguals in psychotherapy: Language as an emotional barrier. American journal of Psychotherapy, 30(4), 552-560. CrossRef

52. Marian, V., & Kaushanskaya, M. (2004). Self-construal and emotion in bicultural bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 51(2), 190-201. CrossRef

53. Marini, A., Urgesi, C., & Fabbro, F. (2012). Clinical neurolinguistics of bilingualism. The Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language, 2, 738-759. CrossRef

54. Mendez, M. F., Perryman, K. M., PontÓn, M. O., & Cummings, J. L. (1999). Bilingualism and dementia. The Journal of neuropsychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 11(3), 411-412. CrossRef

55. Mindt, M. R., Arentoft, A., Germano, K. K., D'Aquila, E., Scheiner, D., Pizzirusso, M. & Gollan, T. H. (2008). Neuropsychological, cognitive, and theoretical considerations for evaluation of bilingual individuals. Neuropsychology review, 18(3), 255-268. CrossRef

56. Moro, A., Tettamanti, M., Perani, D., Donati, C., Cappa, S. F., & Fazio, F. (2001). Syntax and the brain: disentangling grammar by selective anomalies. Neuroimage, 13(1), 110-118. CrossRef

57. Paap, K. R., Johnson, H. A., & Sawi, O. (2015). Bilingual advantages in executive functioning either do not exist or are restricted to very specific and undetermined circumstances. Cortex, 69, 265-278. CrossRef

58. Paradis, M. (2008). Bilingualism and neuropsychiatric disorders. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21(3), 199-230. CrossRef

59. Paradis, M. (2009). Declarative and procedural determinants of second languages (Vol. 40). John Benjamins Publishing. CrossRef

60. Paradis, M. (2011). Principles underlying the Bilingual Aphasia Test (BAT) and its uses. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 25(6-7), 427-443. CrossRef

61. Pavlenko, A. (2012). Affective processing in bilingual speakers: Disembodied cognition?. International Journal of Psychology, 47(6), 405-428. CrossRef

62. Perani, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2015). Bilingualism, dementia, cognitive and neural reserve. Current opinion in neurology, 28(6), 618-625. CrossRef

63. Poeppel, D., & Hickok, G. (2004). Towards a new functional anatomy of language. Cognition 92 (1-2), 1-12. CrossRef

64. Price, C. J. (2010). The anatomy of language: a review of 100 fMRI studies published in 2009. Annals of the new York Academy of Sciences, 1191(1), 62-88. CrossRef

65. Price, C. J. (2012). A review and synthesis of the first 20 years of PET and fMRI studies of heard speech, spoken language and reading. Neuroimage, 62(2), 816-847. CrossRef

66. Ramírez-Esparza, N., Gosling, S. D., Benet-Martínez, V., Potter, J. P., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Do bilinguals have two personalities? A special case of cultural frame switching. Journal of research in personality, 40(2), 99-120. CrossRef

67. Rodriguez, M., Kratochvilova, Z., Kuniss, R., Vorackova, V., Dorazilova, A., & Fajnerova, I. (2015). Case report: Is verbal cognitive performance in bilingual neuropsychiatric patients test‐language dependent?. PsyCh journal, 4(4), 208-217. CrossRef

68. Schrauf, R. W. (2000). Bilingual autobiographical memory: Experimental studies and clinical cases. Culture & Psychology, 6(4), 387-417. CrossRef

69. Schroeder, S. R. (2018). Do bilinguals have an advantage in theory of mind? A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Communication, 3, 36. CrossRef

70. Schweizer, T. A., Ware, J., Fischer, C. E., Craik, F. I., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingualism as a contributor to cognitive reserve: Evidence from brain atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 48(8), 991-996. CrossRef

71. Stowe, L. A., Haverkort, M., & Zwarts, F. (2005). Rethinking the neurological basis of language. Lingua, 115(7), 997-1042. CrossRef

72. Tremblay, P., & Dick, A. S. (2016). Broca and Wernicke are dead, or moving past the classic model of language neurobiology. Brain and language, 162, 60-71. CrossRef

73. Uljarević, M., Katsos, N., Hudry, K., & Gibson, J. L. (2016). Practitioner Review: Multilingualism and neurodevelopmental disorders-an overview of recent research and discussion of clinical implications. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(11), 1205-1217. CrossRef

74. Ullman, M. T. (2004). Contributions of memory circuits to language: The declarative/procedural model. Cognition, 92(1-2), 231-270. CrossRef

75. Valian, V. (2015). Bilingualism and cognition. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 18(1), 3-24. CrossRef

76. Van den Noort, M., Vermeire, K., Bosch, P., Staudte, H., Krajenbrink, T., Jaswetz, L. & Lee, S. H. (2019). A systematic review on the possible relationship between bilingualism, cognitive decline, and the onset of dementia. Behavioral Sciences, 9(7), 81. CrossRef

77. Van Heuven, W. J., Schriefers, H., Dijkstra, T., & Hagoort, P. (2008). Language conflict in the bilingual brain. Cerebral cortex, 18(11), 2706-2716. CrossRef

78. Vassal, F., Schneider, F., Boutet, C., Jean, B., Sontheimer, A., & Lemaire, J. J. (2016). Combined DTI tractography and functional MRI study of the language connectome in healthy volunteers: extensive mapping of white matter fascicles and cortical activations. PloS one, 11(3), e0152614. CrossRef

79. Veltkamp, G. M., Recio, G., Jacobs, A. M., & Conrad, M. (2013). Is personality modulated by language?. International Journal of Bilingualism, 17(4), 496-504. CrossRef

80. Wong, B., Yin, B., & O'Brien, B. (2016). Neurolinguistics: Structure, function, and connectivity in the bilingual brain. BioMed research international, 2016. CrossRef

81. Zanini, S., Tavano, A., & Fabbro, F. (2010). Spontaneous language production in bilingual Parkinson's disease patients: evidence of greater phonological, morphological and syntactic impairments in native language. Brain and Language, 113(2), 84-89. CrossRef