AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA
AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA

AUC Philosophica et Historica (Acta Universitatis Carolinae Philosophica et Historica) is a multidisciplinary academic journal focused on the humanities with more than 50 years of tradition.

The journal is indexed in CEEOL, DOAJ, and EBSCO.

AUC PHILOSOPHICA ET HISTORICA, Vol 2022 No 2 (2022), 45–61

First Steps in the Development of a Multilevel Model of Resilience for the Czech Attitude Barometer Panel Survey (2024–2027)

Pat Lyons, Petr Lupač

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14712/24647055.2025.10
published online: 12. 08. 2025

abstract

This paper presents a multilevel model of resilience for testing with the Czech Attitude Barometer panel survey (CAB, 2024–2027). Individual resilience is defined using the Brief Resilience Scale. Development of the multilevel model of resilience is based on a macro-micro-macro theory that is grounded at the individual-level using Appraisal Theory. Multilevel resilience is theorised to have three facets: individual, community and societal. One purpose of the multilevel model of resilience developed here is to study how polarisation is related to resilience through negative emotions (anger, anxiety and fear) using multilevel statistical methods.

keywords: resilience; multilevel; adversity; polarisation; emotion

references (44)

1. Bakker, B. N., & Lelkes, Y. (2024). Putting the affect into affective polarisation. Cognition and Emotion, 38(4), 418-436. CrossRef

2. Barclay, L. J., & Kiefer, T. (2019). In the aftermath of unfair events: understanding the differential effects of anxiety and anger. Journal of Management, 45(5), 1802-1829. CrossRef

3. Batson, C. D., Kennedy, C. L., Nord, L.-A., Stocks, E. L., Fleming, D. A., Marzette, C. M., Lishner, D. A., Hayes, R. E., Kolchinsky, L. M., & Zerger, T. (2007). Anger at unfairness: is it moral outrage? European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1272-1285. CrossRef

4. Boudon, R. (1979a). La Logique du social. Paris: Hachette.

5. Boudon, R. (1979b). Generating models as a research strategy. In R. K. Merton, J. S. Coleman, & P. H. Rossi (Ed.), Qualitative and quantitative social research (pp. 51-64). New York: Collier Macmillan.

6. Bourdieu, P. (1986). 'The forms of capital' in J. G. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (pp. 241-258). Westport, CN: Greenwood Press.

7. Brentzen, L. E., Kelsall, H., & Harteveld, E. (2024). Consequences of affective polarization: avoidance, intolerance and support for violence in the United Kingdom and Norway. European Journal of Political Research, 63(3), 927-949. CrossRef

8. Brown, K., Schirmer, J., & Amorsen, G. (2023). Sharing early insights for more resilient communities. Stage 1 Report. University of Canberra, ACT, Australia. Retrieved November 5, 2024 from https://shorturl.at/S70WD

9. Clark, W. A. V., & Avery, K. L. (1976). The effects of data aggregation in statistical analysis. Geographical Analysis, 8(4), 428-438. CrossRef

10. Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Harvard, MA: Harvard University Press.

11. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale the Connor-Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. CrossRef

12. Copeland, S., Comes, T., Bach, S., Nagenborg, M., & Schulte, Y. (2020). Measuring social resilience: Trade-offs, challenges and opportunities for indicator models in transforming societies. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101799. CrossRef

13. Croissant, A., & Lars, L. (2024). Democratic resilience in the twenty-first century: search for an analytical framework and explorative analysis. Working Paper 2024: 149, The Varieties of Democracy Institute, Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. Retrieved November 5, 2024 from https://www.v-dem.net/wp.html CrossRef

14. Dunn, K. J., & McCray, G. (2020). The place of the bifactor model in confirmatory factor analysis investigations into construct dimensionality in language testing. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1357. CrossRef

15. Furstova, J., Kascakova, N., Polackova Solcova, I., Hasto, J., & Tavel, P. (2022). How Czecho-Slovakia bounces back: population-based validation of the Brief Resilience Scale in two Central European countries. Psychological Reports, 125(5), 2807-2827. CrossRef

16. Harteveld, E., Mendoza, P., & Rooduijn, M. (2022). Affective polarization and the populist radical right: creating the hating? Government and Opposition, 57(4), 703-727. CrossRef

17. Holy, L. (1996). The little Czech man and the great Czech nation: national identity and the post-communist transformation of society. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. CrossRef

18. Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129-146. CrossRef

19. Kimhi, S., Marciano, H., Eshel, Y., & Adini, B. (2022). Do we cope similarly with different adversities? COVID-19 versus armed conflict. BMC Public Health, 22, 2151. CrossRef

20. Koubová, A., & Kimhi, S. (2024). Prediction of individual, community and societal resilience in the Czech Republic compared to Slovakia during the war in Ukraine. BMC Public Health, 24, 583. CrossRef

21. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press. CrossRef

22. Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer.

23. Malik, K., Kugler, M., Bonini, A., Calderon, C., Fuchs, A., Gaye, A., et al. (2014). Human development report 2014. Sustaining human progress: reducing vulnerabilities and building resilience. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2014

24. Merton, R. K. (1968). Social theory and social structure (Enlarged ed.). New York: Free Press.

25. Mikula, G., Scherer, K. R., & Athenstaedt, U. (1998). The role of injustice in the elicitation of differential emotional reactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(7), 769-783. CrossRef

26. Muthén, B., & Asparouhov, T. (2012). Bayesian structural equation modeling: A more flexible representation of substantive theory. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 313-335. CrossRef

27. Patel, S. S., Rogers, M. B., Amlôt, R., & Rubin, G. J. (2017). What do we mean by 'Community Resilience'? A systematic literature review of how it is defined in the literature. PLoS currents, 9, ecurrents.dis.db775aff25efc5ac4f0660ad9c9f7db2.

28. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster. CrossRef

29. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International journal of behavioral medicine, 15(3), 194-200. CrossRef

30. Smith, B. W., deCruz-Dixon, N., Schodt, K., Torres, F. (2023). Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). In O. N. Medvedev, C. U. Krägeloh, R. J. Siegert, & N. N. Singh, (Ed.), Handbook of assessment in mindfulness research. Cham: Springer. CrossRef

31. So, J., Kuang, K., & Hyunyi C. (2016). Reexamining fear appeal models from cognitive appraisal theory and functional emotion theory perspectives, Communication Monographs, 83(1), 120-144. CrossRef

32. Srivastava, J., Espinoza, F., & Fedorikhin, A. (2009). Coupling and decoupling of unfairness and anger in ultimatum bargaining. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22(5), 475-489. CrossRef

33. Swedberg, R. (2016). Can you visualize theory? On the use of visual thinking in theory pictures, theorizing diagrams, and visual sketches. Sociological Theory, 34(3), 250-275. CrossRef

34. Thorén, H., & Olsson, L. (2018). Is resilience a normative concept? Resilience, 6(2), 112-128. CrossRef

35. Torcal, M., Reiljan, A., & Zanotti, L. (2023). Editorial: Affective polarization in comparative perspective. Frontiers of Political Science, 5, 1112238. CrossRef

36. Troy, A. S., Willroth, E. C., Shallcross, A. J., Giuliani, N. R., Gross, J. J., & Mauss, I. B. (2023). Psychological resilience: An affect-regulation framework. Annual Review of Psychology, 74(1), 547-576. CrossRef

37. Yammarino, F. J., & Gooty, J. (2019). Cross-level models. In S. E. Humphrey & J. M. LeBreton (Ed.), The handbook of multilevel theory, measurement, and analysis (pp. 563-585). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. CrossRef

38. Vasilopoulos, P., Marcus, G., Valentino, N., & Foucault, M. (2019). Fear, anger, and voting for the far right: evidence from the November 13, 2015 Paris terror attacks. Political Psychology, 40(4), 679-704. CrossRef

39. Wagner, M. (2021). Affective polarization in multiparty systems. Electoral Studies, 69, 102199. CrossRef

40. World Economic Forum (WEF). (2023). The global risks report 2023. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2023/

41. Xu, L., & Kajikawa, Y. (2018). An integrated framework for resilience research: A systematic review based on citation network analysis. Sustainability Science, 13(1), 235-254. CrossRef

42. Xue, X., Wang, L., & Yang, R. J. (2018). Exploring the science of resilience: Critical review and bibliometric analysis. Natural Hazards, 90(1), 477-510. CrossRef

43. Yang, K., & Girgus, J. S. (2019). Are women more likely than men are to care excessively about maintaining positive social relationships? A meta-analytic review of the gender difference in sociotropy. Sex Roles, 81, 157-172. CrossRef

44. Ye, Y. C., Wu, C. H., Huang, T. Y., & Yang, C. T. (2022). The difference between the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale when assessing resilience: Confirmatory factor analysis and predictive effects. Global Mental Health, 9, 339-346. CrossRef

Creative Commons License
First Steps in the Development of a Multilevel Model of Resilience for the Czech Attitude Barometer Panel Survey (2024–2027) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.


periodicity: 2 x per year
ISSN: 0567-8293
E-ISSN: 2464-7055

Download