AUC GEOGRAPHICA

It was not officially possible to leave the cadastral territory for recreational purposes in Czechia during the period from the 1 March to the 21 March 2021. The aim of this study was to evaluate how this lockdown affected the amount of time young people spent outdoors and their health and mental well-being. Our research was aimed at students at all levels of school. Immediately after the end of the strictest phase of the lockdown, we conducted a questionnaire survey and collected data from more than a thousand students at elementary schools, secondary schools and universities, as well as 160 parents of 269 pre-school and primary school children. The answers to the close-ended questions were evaluated by statistical analysis, while the answers to the open-ended questions were evaluated using thematic analysis. The results show that the impact of restrictive measures on the health and psyche of young people was significant, especially for female students. Lockdown significantly reduced respondents’ opportunities to spend time outdoors. Male students spent significantly more of their free time in front of computer screens. Respondents living in buildings without a garden and young people who could not use a recreational building outside the district of residence were most affected by restrictions during the lockdown.

1. Aaron, R. F., Witt, P. A. (2011): Urban students' definitions and perceptions of nature. Children, Youth and Environments 21(2), 145-167.

2. Barrable, A., Molesey, P., Touloumakos, A., Booth, D. (2021): Supporting child and family wellbeing through nature during the pandemic. Hellenic Journal of Psychology 18(2), 154-171.

3. Browning, M., Larson, L., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N. et al. (2021): Psychological impacts from COVID-19 among university students: Risk factors across seven states in the United States. PloS One 16(1). CrossRef

4. Candeias, A., Galindo, E., Stueck, M., Portelada, A., Knietzsch, J. (2021): Psychological Adjustment, Quality of Life and Well-Being in a German and Portuguese Adult Population During COVID-19 Pandemics Crisis. Frontiers in Psychology 12, 4154. CrossRef

5. Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., Zelenski, J. M. (2014): The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology 5(976), 1-15. CrossRef

6. Counted, V., Neff, M. A., Captari, L. E., Cowden, R. G. (2021): Transcending place attachment disruptions during a public health crisis: Spiritual struggles, resilience, and transformation. Journal of Psychology and Christianity 39(4), 276-286.

7. CZSO - The Czech Statistical Office (2020): Small Lexicon of Municipalities of the Czech Republic - 2020, https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/maly-lexikon-obci-ceske-republiky-2020/.

8. Dai, H., Han, J., Lichtfouse, E. (2021): Smarter cures to combat COVID-19 and future pathogens: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters 19(4), 2759-2771. CrossRef

9. Daniš, P. (2019): Tajemství školy za školou. Praha: MŽP.

10. Fancourt, D. D., Bu, D. F., Mak, D. H. W., Steptoe, A. (2020): COVID-19 Social Study. Results release 22.

11. Fedorko, V. (2020a): Outdoorová edukácia a pobyt vonku v materskej škole. In: Współczesne idee w edukacji przedszkolnej i wczesnoszkolnej. Siedlce: Instytut kultury regionalnej i badaň literackich im. Franciszka Karpinskiego, 165-172.

12. Fedorko, V. (2020b): Outdoorová edukácia v materskej škole. Prešov. Prešovská univerzita.

13. de Figueiredo, C. S., Sandre, P. C., Portugal, L. C. L., Mázala-de-Oliveira, T., da Silva Chagas, L., Raony, Í., Ferreira, E.S., Giestal-de-Araujo, E., Bomfim, P. O. S. (2021): COVID-19 pandemic impact on children and adolescents' mental health: biological, environmental, and social factors. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 106, 110171. CrossRef

14. Government of the Czech Republic (2021): Vládní usnesení související s bojem proti epidemii - rok 2021. https://www.vlada.cz/cz/epidemie-koronaviru/dulezite-informace/vladni-usneseni-souvisejici-s-bojem-proti-epidemii---rok-2021-193536/.

15. Howlett, K., Turner, E. C. (2021): Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown restrictions on parents' attitudes towards green space and time spent outside by children in Cambridgeshire and North London, United Kingdom. People and Nature. CrossRef

16. Chytrý, V., Kroufek, R. (2017): Možnosti využití Likertovy škály - základní principy aplikace v pedagogickém výzkumu a demonstrace na příkladu zjišťování vztahu člověka k přírodě. Scientia in educatione 8(1), 1-16. CrossRef

17. Jack, G. (2010): Place matters: The significance of place attachments for children's wellbeing. British Journal of Social Work 40(3), 755-771. CrossRef

18. Jackson, S. B., Stevenson, K. T., Larson, L. R., Peterson, M. N., Seekamp, E. (2021): Outdoor Activity participation Improves Adolescents' Mental Health and Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(5). CrossRef

19. Kellert, S. R. (2002): Experiencing nature: Affective, cognitive, and evaluative development in children. In P. H. Kahn, Jr., S. R. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature: Psychological, sociocultural, and evolutionary investigations (pp. 17-151). Cambridge.

20. Khalilnezhad, M. R., Ugolini, F., Massetti, L. (2021): Attitudes and Behaviors toward the Use of Public and Private Green Space during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran. Land 10(10), 1085. CrossRef

21. Kroufek, R., Nepraš, K., Musil, J., Filipová, L. (2021): Effect of Outdoor Education and Stain in Nature on Pupils' Physical and Psychical Health. EduPort 5(2). CrossRef

22. de Lannoy, L., Rhodes, R. E., Moore, S. A., Faulknes, R., Tremblay, M. S. (2020): Regional difference in access to the outdoors and outdoor play of Canadian children and youth during the COVID-19 outbreak. Candadian Journal of Public Health 111(6), 988-994. CrossRef

23. Lanza-León, P., Pascual-Sáez, M., Cantarero-Prieto, D. (2021): Alleviating mental health disorders through doses of green spaces: an updated review in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 1-18. CrossRef

24. Kühn, S., Rieger, U. M. (2017): Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 13(5), 887. CrossRef

25. Larson, L. R., Mullenbach, L. E., Browning, M. H. E.M., Rigolon, A., Thomsen, J., Metcalf, E. C., Reigner, N. P., Sharaievska, I., McAnirlin, O., D'Antonio, A., . Cloutier, S., Helbich, M., Labib, S. M. (2022): Greenspace and park use associated with less emotional distress among college students in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Environmental research 204, 112367. CrossRef

26. Lenaerts, A., Heyman, S., De Decker, A., Lauwers, L., Sterckx, A., Remmen, R., Bastiaens, H., Keune, H. (2021): Vitamin Nature: How Coronavirus Disease 2019 Has Highlighted Factors Contributing to the Frequency of Nature Visits in Flanders, Belgium. Frontiers in Public Health 9, 646568. CrossRef

27. Li, X., Vanderloo, L. M., Maguire, J. L., Keown-Stoneman, C. D. G., Aglipay, M., Anderson, L. N., Cost, K. T., Charach, A., Vanderhout, S. M., Birken, C. S. (2021): Public health preventive measures and child health behaviours during COVID-19: a cohort study. Canadian Journal of Public Health 112(5). CrossRef

28. Lõhmus, M., Stenfors, C. U., Lind, T., Lauber, A., Georgelis, A. (2021): Mental health, greenness, and nature related behaviors in the adult population of Stockholm County during COVID-19-related restrictions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18(6), 3303. CrossRef

29. Marques, P., Silva, A. S., Quaresma, Y., Manna, L. R., de Magalhães Neto, N., Mazzoni, R. (2021): Home gardens can be more important than other urban green infrastructure for mental well-being during COVID-19 pandemics. Urban for Urban Green 64, 127268. CrossRef

30. Meagher, B. R., Cheadle, A. D. (2020): Distant from others, but close to home: The relationship between home attachment and mental health during COVID-19. Journal of Environmental Psychology 72, 101516. CrossRef

31. Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (2021): Rámcový vzdělávací program pro základní vzdělávání. Praha. https://www.edu.cz/rvp-ramcove-vzdelavaci-programy/ramcovy-vzdelavacici-program-pro-zakladni-vzdelavani-rvp-zv.

32. Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., Murphy, S. A. (2011): Happiness is in our Nature: Exploring Nature Relatedness as a Contributor to Subjective Well-Being. Journal of Happiness Studies 12(2), 303-322. CrossRef

33. Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., Murphy, S. A. (2009): The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals' connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior 41(5), 715-740. CrossRef

34. Norberg-Shulz, Ch. (1994): Genius loci: k fenomenologii architektury. Odeon, Praha.

35. Pastorová, M., Ed. et al. (2011): Doporučené očekávané výstupy, Metodická podpora pro výuku průřezových témat v základních školách. Výzkumný ústav pedagogický v Praze.

36. Pouso, S., Borja, Á., Fleming, L. E., Gómez-Baggethun, E., White, M. P., Uyarra, M. C. (2021): Contact with blue-green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown beneficial for mental health. Science of the Total Environment 756, 143984. CrossRef

37. Pretty, J. (2006): How nature contributes to mental and physical health. Spirituality and Health International 5(2). CrossRef

38. Proshansky, H. M., Fabian, A. K., Kaminof, R. (1983): Place identity: Physical world and socialization of the self. Journal of Environmental Psychology 3(1), 57-83. CrossRef

39. Rajabi, M., Afrooz, G. A., Qureshi, G., Pombo, A. (2021): Children's indoor and outdoor play as potential correlates of mental health during COVID-19 pandemic in Iran: a brief report on national survey. International Journal of Play 10(4), 437-447. CrossRef

40. Relph, E. (1976): Place and placelessness. Pion, London.

41. Ribeiro, A. I., Triguero-Mas, M., Santos, C. J., Gómez-Nieto, A., Cole, H., Anguelovski, I., Silva, F. M., Baró, F. (2021): Exposure to nature and mental health outcomes during COVID-19 lockdown. A comparison between Portugal and Spain. Environment international 154. CrossRef

42. Rios, C., Neilson, A. L., & Menezes, I. (2021): COVID-19 and the desire of children to return to nature: Emotions in the face of environmental and intergenerational injustices. The Journal of Environmental Education 52(5), 335-346. CrossRef

43. Roe, J. J., Ward Thompson, C., Aspinall, P. A., Brewer, M. J., Duff, E. I., Miller, D., Mitchell, R., Clow, A. (2013): Green space and stress: Evidence from cortisol measures in deprived urban communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 10(9), 4086-4103. CrossRef

44. Sharifi, A., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. (2020): The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. The Science of the Total Environment 749, 142391. CrossRef

45. Spano, G., D'Este, M., Giannico, V., Elia, M., Cassibba, R., Lafortezza, R., Sanesi, G. (2021): Association between indoor-outdoor green features and psychological health during the COVID-19 lockdosn in Italy: A cross-sectional nationwide study. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 62, 127156. CrossRef

46. Tani, S., Surma-Aho, O. (2012): Young people and the hidden meanings of the everyday: Time-space path as a methodological opportunity. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education 21(3), 187-203. CrossRef

47. Tilbury, D. (1994): The Critical Learning Years for Environmental Education. In: R. A. Wilson (Ed.), Environmental Education at the Early Childhood Level (11-13). Washington, DC.

48. Tuan, Y. F. (1990): Topophilia: a study of environmental perception, attitudes, and values. New York: Columbia University Press.

49. UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2012): International standard classification of education: ISCED 2011. Comparative Social Research, 30

50. UNICEF (2020): Considerations for school-related public health measures in the context of Covid 19. New York: UNICEF.

51. Vágner, J., Fialová, D. et al. (2004): Regionální diferenciace druhého bydlení v Česku. Katedra sociální geografie a regionálního rozvoje Přírodovědecké fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, Praha.

52. Vágner, J., Müller, D. K., Fialová, D. (2011): Second home tourism in light of the historical-political and socio-geographical development of Czechia and Sweden. Georafie 116(2), 191-210. CrossRef

53. Valiente, C., Vázquez, C., Peinado, V., Contreras, A., Trucharte, A., Bentall, R., et al., (2020): Síntomas de ansiedad, depresión y estrés postraumático ante el COVID-19: prevalencia y predictores. Madrid. Available at: https://www.ucm.es/inventap/file/vida-covid19-informe-ejecutivomalestar3520-final-1.

54. White, M. P., Alcock, I., Grellier, J., Wheeler, B. W., Hagtig, T., Warber, S. L., Bone, A., Depledge, M. H., Fleming, L. E. (2019): Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature i associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports 9. CrossRef

55. Wilson, R. A. (1994): Environmental education at the early childhood level. Washington, DC: North American Association for Environmental Education.

56. Zabini, F., Albanese, L., Becheri, F. R., Gavazzi, G., Giganti, F., Giovanelli, F., … & Viggiano, M. P. (2020): Comparative study of the restorative effects of forest and urban videos during COVID-19 lockdown: Intrinsic and benchmark values. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(21), 8011. CrossRef